22. The New Era THE AMERICAN YAWP

I. Introduction

On a sunny day in early March 1921, Warren G. Harding took the oath of office as the 20th and 9th President of the United States. He won the election by a landslide and promised a "return to normalcy." "Our first priority is to restore the normal course of the future," he said in his inaugural address. During the campaign, he said, "What America needs now is healing, not heroism; normality, not nostrum; restoration, not revolution." Civilization had not yet recovered from the shock of the First World War, the explosion of racist violence and political repression in 1919, and the prolonged "Red Terror" caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in the Russian Federation.

More than 115, 000 American soldiers died in a year of fighting in Europe. In addition, between 1918 and 1920, a flu epidemic that infected about 20% of the American population killed nearly 700, 000 Yankees. Shortly after the war, labor disputes raged. Radicals cried out. On May 1, 1919, anarchists dropped more than 30 bombs. After that, military control weakened, the economy worsened, and unemployment in the country reached 20%. The already scandalous extent of the decline of the farmers was now rapidly increasing. Harding's promise of peace was unlikely to guarantee it, but his letter resonated with a nation shrouded in uncertainty.

The 1920s were not "normal" of course. The decade changed Yankee life so much that it was called in many ways the "fresh age," the "jazz age," the "flapper age," the "prosperous decade," and most often the "Roaring Twenties." The widespread production and use of automobiles, household appliances, movies, and radios led to the development of a new economy and an increased sense of meaning in life. Talking movies and jazz brought new global pleasures and weakened sexual and social constraints. At the same time, nearly all Americans turned their backs on political and financial reform, denounced America's demographic changes, suppressed immigration, retreated to "old religions," and resurrected the Ku Klux Klan with millions of new members. Meanwhile, nearly all Americans fought as tenaciously as ever for equal rights, and cultural observers noted the emergence of the "New Woman" and the "New Black." Fading immigrant communities that existed before the new immigration quotas were introduced held on to their own cultures and similar beliefs for a time. The 1920s were a decade of events and tensions. But whatever it was, it was not "normal."

II. Republican White House, 1921-1933

In order to fulfill the promise of stability and prosperity, Harding signed a law on the revival of high protection tariffs and unlocked the last war control. Meanwhile, the United States, on the other hand, was forced to fight the fear of immigrants and foreign population, in doubt about the remnants of the World War I, the propaganda, and the "100 % American". The postwar economy has raised the spirit of the Russian Revolution to the elites, and has been pursued not only in the United States various socialist and irregularities, but also by almost all union activities. In the 1920s, the labor movement experienced a sharp decline in union members. Workers have lost not only negotiations, but also ships, politicians, and most of the American people. 1

Harding's presidential position will remain in history as one of the most corrupt jobs. However, many of the Harding ministers were true authority that matched the interests of various American groups. Henry K. Wallace, an eager editor of Wallace Farmer magazine and a proposal for scientific agriculture, was appointed Secretary of Agriculture. Herbert Hoober, a popular and sel f-employed man, is a popular man of the Warch Management Bureau. To satisfy the interests of the company, conservative businessman Andrew melon has become the Secretary of Finance. Basically, the use of friends and close supporters, a group called "Azio Gang" was in trouble. 2

The Harding administration suffered a great deal of defeat because several hig h-ranking officials attempted to lend a wioming stat e-owned land to oil companies in exchange for gold. Famous as a teapot dome scandal (this name was named because the nearby rocky area resembles a kettle), Minister Albert Fall and Minister of Navy Edwin Denbi resigned, and Autumn was convicted and became prison. It was sent. In the summer of 1923, Harding took a vacation, and he carelessly thought about how to deal with his friends, not the enemy, not the enemy. However, in August 1923, Harding died of a heart attack, and Vice President Calvin Carridge was the highest power of the country. 3 Harding signed a law on the revival of high protection tariffs to fulfill the promise of stability and prosperity, and canceled the last war control. Meanwhile, the United States, on the other hand, was forced to fight the fear of immigrants and foreign population, in doubt about the remnants of the World War I, the propaganda, and the "100 % American". The postwar economy has raised the spirit of the Russian Revolution to the elites, and has been pursued not only in the United States various socialist and irregularities, but also by almost all union activities. In the 1920s, the labor movement experienced a sharp decline in union members. Workers have lost not only negotiations, but also ships, politicians, and most of the American people. 1

The Harding administration suffered a great deal of defeat because several hig h-ranking officials attempted to lend a wioming stat e-owned land to oil companies in exchange for gold. Famous as a teapot dome scandal (this name was named because the nearby rocky area resembles a kettle), Minister Albert Fall and Minister of Navy Edwin Denbi resigned, and Autumn was convicted and became prison. It was sent. In the summer of 1923, Harding took a vacation, and he carelessly thought about how to deal with his friends, not the enemy, not the enemy. However, in August 1923, Harding died of a heart attack, and Vice President Calvin Carridge was the highest power of the country. (3) To fulfill the promise of stability and prosperity, Harding signed a law on the revival of high protection tariffs, and unlocked the last wartime control. Meanwhile, the United States, on the other hand, was forced to fight the fear of immigrants and foreign population, in doubt about the remnants of the World War I, the propaganda, and the "100 % American". The postwar economy has raised the spirit of the Russian Revolution to the elites, and has been pursued not only in the United States various socialist and irregularities, but also by almost all union activities. In the 1920s, the labor movement experienced a sharp decline in union members. Workers have lost not only negotiations, but also ships, politicians, and most of the American people. 1

III. Culture of Consumption

Couridge, the son of the store owner, was promoted from a member of the city council to the Governor of Massachusetts. The president's appointed Couridge has longed to return the stigma of the scandal, but continued to plan the Harding and refused to resolve the actions to defend workers and buyers to South American companies. "The main activities of South American people are business," said the new President. Once a cooling politician was described as "not actively", the culgin did not fear the interests of business and luxury Yankees by maintaining tax and maintaining the highest duties. For example, Congress has already begun to reduce luxury tax from 66 % to 20 % during the war, and Coulidge has advocated it. 4

While Couridge supported the company, other Americans continued their own functional activities. For example, in the 1920s, it was a time when great energy was full of American women who had the right to vote by the adoption of Article 19 of the Constitutional Fix in 1920. Female voters, like male voters, pursued a wide range of interests. Women, who were hurt by misery, poverty, and domestic violence, have already been focusing on the resale of alcoholic beverages, which was enforced with Article 18 of the Flight in January 1920. Since then, alcohol has become unable to manufacture and sell. Other reforms have called on the government to reduce the high infant mortality rate, provide education support by the federal government, and take measures to ensure education and unarmed. Alice Paul and the State Letter Party also proposed an equality revision clause (ERA), calling for the elimination of all legal differences by gender, but was rejected by Congress. 5

In the 1920s, the stat e-o f-law fought in search of the rights of women other than suffrage, gaining women's rights thanks to Article 19 of the Constitutional Fix in 1920. They continued to struggle to seek equality, organizing public campaigns, such as the tea ceremony in photographs, and a campaign, such as submitting a amendment of gender equal rights in the Federal Congress. Collidge, the son of the US Congress Book Depository , was promoted from a city council to Governor Massachusetts. The president's appointed Couridge has longed to return the stigma of the scandal, but continued to plan the Harding and refused to resolve the actions to defend workers and buyers to South American companies. "The main activities of South American people are business," said the new President. Once a cooling politician was described as "not actively", the culgin did not fear the interests of business and luxury Yankees by maintaining tax and maintaining the highest duties. For example, Congress has already begun to reduce luxury tax from 66 % to 20 % during the war, and Coulidge has advocated it. 4

In the 1920s, the stat e-o f-law fought in search of the rights of women other than suffrage, gaining women's rights thanks to Article 19 of the Constitutional Fix in 1920. They continued to struggle to seek equality, organizing public campaigns, such as the tea ceremony in photographs, and a campaign, such as submitting a amendment of gender equal rights in the Federal Congress. Collidge, the son of the US Congress Book Depository Store, was promoted from a member of the city council to Governor Massachusetts. The president's appointed Couridge has longed to return the stigma of the scandal, but continued to plan the Harding and refused to resolve the actions to defend workers and buyers to South American companies. "The main activities of South American people are business," said the new President. Once a cooling politician was described as "not actively", the culgin did not fear the interests of business and luxury Yankees by maintaining tax and maintaining the highest duties. For example, Congress has already begun to reduce luxury tax from 66 % to 20 % during the war, and Coulidge has advocated it. 4

IV. Culture of Escape

In the 1920s, the state's politics were dominated by the Republican Party, which not only held the presidential chair, but also both houses of Congress. In 1928, Coolidge decided not to nominate himself for a second term. Like a loquacious person, "Silent Cal" made his conclusion clear and handed a reporter a paper clip that read precisely: "I will not run for president in 1928." The election campaign of such a year was a race between New York Governor Al Smith, a Democrat whose church religion and immigrant origins drew the suspicions of nativists and whose ties to Tammy Hall and the Reformed Party were in place, and Republican candidate Herbert Hoover, whose all-American Protestant origins and business success in the First Ecumenical War attracted the interest of American voters. 6 Hoover focused on financial rise and prosperity. He held the post of Secretary of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge, and made a sustained rise in the 1920s. "Today in America we are nearer to a final victory over poverty than in any other country. Give me a chance to continue in politics these eight years. With God's help and with me we are close to the day when the poor will be driven out of this country." 7, Zee

Changes are in the air of Americans breathing, and the change in buyers is a building tree that we have new civilizations. " According to Selling Mrs Frederick, which has been published, this book, one of the first surveys on purchasing Yankee, uses a manufacturer or advertisement method of using the purchasing power of women who account for 90 % of household expenditures. Mainly advised. Frederick's book not only conveys the psychology of the "average" shoppers, but also reflects the social and economic changes that occurred while she was alive. 9

In fact, the United States, where Frederica appeared, was completely different from the United States she encountered in 1929. The consumer composition she studied was the result of the industry expansion from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Along with the discovery of new energy sources and production technology, industrial products were overflowing with Bazar, close to consumer goods such as read y-made clothes, food, and home appliances. At the end of the 19th century, the production increased too much, and almost all of the same era was afraid that supply would exceed demand and eventually the state would eventually face the devastating economic ending due to ove r-production. South American businessmen tried to avoid the disaster by conforming the distribution system and developing new commercialization and marketing strategies that foster consumer new desire culture. 10 Changes are in the air of Americans, and buyers change is a building for building new civilizations, "said Marketing and Business Economist Christine Frederick. According to Selling MRS. Frederick, which was published in 1929, this book, one of the first surveys on purchasing Yankee, uses 90 % of household expenditures. I advised the manufacturer and advertiser. Frederick's book not only conveys the psychology of the "average" shoppers, but also reflects the social and economic changes that occurred while she was alive. 9

In fact, the United States, where Frederica appeared, was completely different from the United States she encountered in 1929. The consumer composition she studied was the result of the industry expansion from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Along with the discovery of new energy sources and production technology, industrial products were overflowing with Bazar, close to consumer goods such as read y-made clothes, food, and home appliances. At the end of the 19th century, the production increased too much, and almost all of the same era was afraid that supply would exceed demand and eventually the state would eventually face the devastating economic ending due to ove r-production. South American businessmen tried to avoid the disaster by conforming the distribution system and developing new commercialization and marketing strategies that foster consumer new desire culture. 10 Changes are in the air where Americans breathe, and the change in buyers is a building tree for building new civilizations, "said Marketing and Business Economist Christine Frederick in 1929. According to the influential book "Selling Mrs. Frederick, this book, one of the first surveys of Yankee's purchasing behavior, this book is a manufacturer that uses the purchasing power of women who account for 90 % of household expenditures. I advised the advertiser. Frederick's book not only conveys the psychology of the "average" shoppers, but also reflects the social and economic changes that occurred while she was alive. 9

The department store was at the center of this injured consumer revolution. By the 1880s, a certain number of larg e-sized dry goods were renovated into modern stores. These shopping malls concentrated on all kinds of products under one roof, and customers could buy shirts and gloves along with Toy trains and sinks. In order to attract customers, department stores are not just seeking diversity. It was also beneficial from the innovation of services (restaurants, desks, babysitter, etc.), entertainment (skilled windows, mods modifications, i n-house exhibitions, etc.). Marshall Field & Amp ;; amp; Co. is one of these companies in these companies. Located on Chicago's Steet Street, the company has become a pioneer in these strategies and has opened a buffet for customers who form customer customers. Thomas V Good Spid, one of Chicago Institute's first councilors, looked back on the victory of advertising methods in the field. "11

In the 1920s, the Americans picked up US magazines like Photoplay to know more about the starry sky of the movie theater, which is a new and comfortable way to spend their new comfort. The advertiser uses this wide audience to promote the sweep range of products and offers like men for women. archive. The department store was at the center of this damaged consumer revolution. By the 1880s, a certain number of larg e-sized dry goods were renovated into modern stores. These shopping malls concentrated on all kinds of products under one roof, and customers could buy shirts and gloves along with Toy trains and sinks. In order to attract customers, department stores are not just seeking diversity. It was also beneficial from the innovation of services (restaurants, desks, babysitter, etc.), entertainment (skilled windows, mods modifications, i n-house exhibitions, etc.). Marshall Field & Amp ;; amp; Co. is one of these companies in these companies. Located on Chicago's Steet Street, the company has become a pioneer in these strategies and has opened a buffet for customers who form customer customers. Thomas V Good Spid, one of Chicago Institute's first councilors, looked back on the victory of advertising methods in the field. "11

In the 1920s, the Americans picked up US magazines like Photoplay to know more about the starry sky of the movie theater, which is a new and comfortable way to spend their new comfort. The advertiser uses this wide audience to promote the sweep range of products and offers like men for women. archive. The department store was at the center of this injured consumer revolution. By the 1880s, a certain number of larg e-sized dry goods were renovated into modern stores. These shopping malls concentrated on all kinds of products under one roof, and customers could buy shirts and gloves along with Toy trains and sinks. In order to attract customers, department stores are not just seeking diversity. It was also beneficial from the innovation of services (restaurants, desks, babysitter, etc.), entertainment (skilled windows, mods modifications, i n-house exhibitions, etc.). Marshall Field & Amp ;; amp; Co. is one of these companies in these companies. Located on Chicago's Steet Street, the company has become a pioneer in these strategies and has opened a buffet for customers who form customer customers. Thomas V Good Spid, one of Chicago Institute's first councilors, looked back on the victory of advertising methods in the field. "11

In the early 20th century, postal catalogs, global magazines, and the rise of stat e-owned brands further attracted their customers' desires and wrapped more and more Yankees. The automotive industry still contributed to the formation of a new use culture and promoted the introduction of a loan. By 1927, more than 60 % of US automobiles were sold in credit, and in almost all other major consumer purchased products could be used in installments. Thanks to the use of loans, for example, consumer costs for home appliances rose more than 120 % from 1919 to 1929. Henry Ford's assembly set has improved the production strategy used in many divisions in the manufacturing industry, enhancing cars for the middl e-income Yankee and strengthening consumers. By 1925, the Ford Plant began to produce T-type in 10 seconds. By the end of 1920, the number of cars has increased from over 9 million to nearly 20. 7 million units by the end of 1920. Americans own more cars than the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy. In the late 1920s, 80 % of the world's cars ran on South America roads.

Movie theaters and radio, which are more colorful for gasoline, electricity, and many Yankees, such as steam and iron in the previous century, stimulate not only use but also wel l-known culture in the 1920s. did. "We want to get out of the power of the laws and prohibited matters pushed by society," said Edgar Barlose, a series of books on Tarzan. From 1914 to 1939, Ballose wrote almost a new situation about Tarzan every year. "Everybody will want to freeze with Tarzan." I will hope so in the end. As with almost all Americans in the 1920s, Ballows, like Ballows, every day. He was eager to appeal to society with many restricted industrialization.

Like Barlors, Americans also escaped at a fierce speed. The time spent to listen to the jazz records thrown into a car, Hollywood movie, Tin Pan's alley, the time spent to listen to the radio broadcast of the Jack Demi's priz e-winning battle, all of these are wel l-known culture. Ta. According to the calculations of observers, Americans mean that "yes, there is no banana" rather than the "flags studded with stars" and the fulminant songs of the complete gymnastics. This is because there were more times to actually shout the bes t-selling music. 13

As automobiles became more and more common and reliable, more people began to travel long distances, more frequently, and more conquering. Women began to take their children, as well as their classes, to cars. Vacationing Americans flocked to Florida to avoid the northern winters. Boys and girls fled from supervision to courtship, swapping boring parlor sofas for sexual exploration in the backseats of sedans. To serve and attract the growing number of drivers, Americans set up gas stations, snack bars, motels, and advertising screens on the sidelines. At the Indianapolis 500 race, about 100, 000 people watched the drivers compete for a $50, 000 prize.

V. “The New Woman”

View of a Ford sedan with four passengers and a woman at the wheel, circa 1923. Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-54096.

Meanwhile, America dominated the world's film industry. By 1930, film production was becoming more expensive, and the industry's dominance was in the hands of a handful of film companies. At the beginning of the century, many middle and upper class Americans viewed movies as a lower class pastime. After their parents emigrated from Poland in 1876, Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack Warner (who, according to family lore, got their names because officials at Ellis Island could not tell their surnames apart) were given Warner Brothers. By 1918, Universal, Paramount, Columbia and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) were founded or led by Jewish leaders. These immigrants (or the sons of immigrants) were conscious of their social status as outsiders and deliberately produced films that reflected American values of opportunity, democracy and freedom.

No longer enjoying the popularity of 30-minute films on nickelodeons, filmmakers began to shoot longer, better quality films and show them in rich cinemas. But while they conquered the middle and upper classes, they maintained working-class audiences and combined classical and modern meanings. For example, Cecil B. DeMille's masterpiece The Ten Commandments (1923) depicts an ascetic celebration, thereby glorifying the biblical situation. But what's the point of putting a silver screen in a cramped theater? Muggles and businessmen quickly began building movie castles. New York's Roxy Arena, built by Samuel Rothafel, could accommodate more than 6, 000 spectators, and in front of the smooth seats was a uniform space beyond gardens and sculptures. To show The Jazz Singer (1927), the first film in which lyrics and pictures were synchronized, Warners spent $500, 000 to prepare two theaters. "Sound is a fleeting hobby," Mrs. Fox once said of MGM producers, but Warner Brothers' fortunes, which rose from $5, 000 in 1925 to $230, 000 in 1930, are another story. 14

Americans flocked to the cinema. Whether it was the attendance, sound, or production budgets, the cinema's weekly popularity rose rapidly from 16 million in 1912 to 40 million by the early 1920s. Hungarian William Fox (founder of the Fox Film Corporation) said that the cinema was a "bright and embodied South American institution," a result of the fact that "it rubbed elbows with arms in abundance." The lack of room limits meant that almost any Yankee could enter the cinema (though African Americans were excluded or subject to segregation) for a fee. Women made up more than 60% of moviegoers in the 1920s, and the combination of contracts for film roles and marketing jobs meant that "America's Favorite" nickname Mary Pickford, who welded more than a million a year, was meant to refer to her. Pickford and other female stars were popular with the "flapper" types - women who liked short skirts, make-up and cigarettes.

Mary Pickford Movie Staff 1920s moviegoers and others loved her, leading a glamorous, glamorous life. Mary Pickford, 1920s Bookseller at the American Congress.

As Americans began to go to the cinema, they also began to have radios in their homes. Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi broadcast the first transatlantic wireless (radio) message in 1901, but radios were not available in homes until 1920, and they quickly spread across the United States. By 1930, half of American homes had a radio. Radio stations brought joy directly to living rooms, selling advertising and charity, from the Maxwell House Hour to the Lucky Strike Band. For example, soap companies sponsored daytime dramas. The soap opera genre was often born, providing housewives with audio adventures that contrasted with their usual domestic situations. However, because radio stations were often under the control of these companies, such as the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) or Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), radio programming was the least bound to classical frameworks, attracting the widest possible audience and spreading familiar culture at the state level.

Radio exposed Americans to a wide range of music. Jazz was a uniquely South American musical style known to the African-American community of Fresh Orleans, and took the lead through radio stations and records. The New York Times ridiculed jazz as "wild" because of its racial heritage, but to others, the music offered cultural freedom. Harlem artist William Dixon said, "It seemed to me that the white people really had everything. But this was not absolutely true. They didn't own the music I played." The melodies, played with a brisk tempo and a unique sense of freedom, invited listeners to dance along. "When a good orchestra plays a rag, you just have to move," dance teacher Vernon Castle recalled. Jazz became a national sensation, played and listened to by both white and black Americans. Lithuanian-born Jewish entertainer Al Jolson, whose autobiography inspired the film The Jazz Singer, played a major character in it, and became America's most famous entertainer. 15

The 1920s continued to be a remarkable era for the development of professional sports. Radio broadcasts, broadcasting student and professional sporting events, heralded a new era in sports. At one time, the left cross and right winger uplots Jack Dumpshi could be felt in homes across the United States. Dumpshi was the favorite weight for the better part of a decade, drawing millions of full houses and opening "dumpings" in print publications across the country. Red Grainge, who carried football with the same recklessness, undoubtedly contributed to the popularization of skilled football, which was then in the shadows at the institute. Grainge left the Illinois Institute without graduating and joined the Chicago Bears team in 1925. From the stage of the reasons for our profile, there has never been such a social interest in the "Bears" George Halas Grengja recalled the owner about the arrival of Grengja. 16

Perhaps no athlete has left a greater mark than Babe Ruth. Not George German Ruth, the Sultan of Matchmaking grew up in an orphanage in the slums of Baltimore. The appearance of the carrot in the state stadium was so necessary as the baseball universe, for example, the name of the brawl with the Black Sox when eight players seemed to coordinate to pitch the great 1919 series. In 1920, Ruth actually struck out 50 four-home runs. Baseball writers called Ruth a superman, and more Yankees recognized Ruth than longtime President Warren G. Harding.

After the destruction and hesitation of World War I, Americans were looking for a less one-dimensional hero who would challenge convention. Dumpsis, Grange, and Ruth dominated their sport. On May 21, 1927, Lindberg made the first of the silent flights from New York to Paris. Armed with only a few sandwiches, a few bottles of water, a cardboard map, and a flashlight, Lindbergh made it safely across the Atlantic in a quarter-mile and three hours. Some historians call Lindbergh "the hero of the decade." In addition to his transatlantic journey, he undoubtedly restored many Yankees' faith in personal effort and technological progress. In a world that had not long ago been ravaged by machine guns, submarines, and chemical weapons, Lindbergh's flight demonstrated that technology had every potential to inspire and realize heroic deeds. Outlook magazine called Lindbergh "the heir to all that is best in America."17

VI. “The New Negro”

Over the past decade, the familiar civilization seems to have rotated in the escape circle. On Cony Island, New York, both old and young enjoyed fresh pleasures. The Americans went to a major movie theater with their sedan to enjoy a great movie. The Radio Tower broadcasted the fresh and invincible sound of jazz, the adventure of the soap opera, and the great athletes. Dempsey and Grunge looked bigger, stronger, and faster than anyone trying to challenge them. Babe Ruth has renewed his records in the United States. And Lindberg, who fled from gravity, crossed the sea. Dempsey, Ruth, and Lindberg did not give up the fear of World War and World War II and the confusion, but thanks to them, the future would be much brighter.

Babe Ruth's amazing talent has accelerated baseball's rise and strengthened its position that baseball is an American entertainment. The remarkable roots made him a national hero. US Council Book Deposit

The women of the "new", called the flapper, were against the gender taboo at the time by raising their hair, wearing tight dresses, listening to jazz, and ignoring social and sexy norms. 。 Despite the fact that these actions were liberated in many ways, they continued through the 20th century, strengthening the norms of women's carelessness and impressive consumerism. US Congress Book Depository

The emphasis on waste and stocking has been emphasized, and the ethics of materialism and personal pleasure have become national. These impulses were embodied in the form of flapper, and their hairstyles, short skirts, makeup, cigarettes, and cheerfulness attracted the attention of American novelists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sync Lewis. Young flappers have denied the values of the old Victorian dynasties of sexual modesty and sel f-control, and are newly charged, such as dance halls, cabaret, and nickel Odeon, and the illegal "Blind" created by the prohibition method. Tigers and taverns used the opportunity to share the mass shared. In this way, young women in the United States have contributed to the formation of new morals that enable girls to be more autonomous, fluid, and access the pleasure aspects of urban life. According to a psychologist G. Stanley Hall, she said, "I wanted to see the universe. In the last 10 years, the familiar civilization seemed to be rotating in the escape circle. In Cony Island, both the old and young enjoyments were to enjoy a large sedan to enjoy the masterpiece. The Sound, the adventure of the soap, and the great speech player, the Dempsey and Grunge, seemed to be bigger and faster. But Lindberg, who fled from gravity, did not give up the fear of World War I and the Concentration, but the future was a long time. I thought it would be a bright thing.

The emphasis on waste and stocking has been emphasized, and the ethics of materialism and personal pleasure have become national. These impulses were embodied in the form of flapper, and their hairstyles, short skirts, makeup, cigarettes, and cheerfulness attracted the attention of American novelists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sync Lewis. Young flappers have denied the values of the old Victorian dynasties of sexual modesty and sel f-control, and are newly charged, such as dance halls, cabaret, and nickel Odeon, and the illegal "Blind" created by the prohibition method. Tigers and taverns used the opportunity to share the mass shared. In this way, young women in the United States have contributed to the formation of new morals that enable girls to be more autonomous, fluid, and access the pleasure aspects of urban life. According to a book by Psychologist G. Stanley Hall, she wanted to see the universe. In the last 10 years, the familiar civilization seemed to be rotating in the escape circle. On the New York Connie Island. Both the old and young enjoyed the United States to enjoy a large sedan to enjoy the great sedan. The Opera's adventure, the player, was a bigger and faster than anyone trying to challenge them. Lindberg, who fled from gravity, crossed the sea, Ruth, and Lindberg, who did not give up the fear of World War I and the Confusion, but thanks to them, the future is much bright. I thought it would be.

VII. Culture War

Similar sentiments are reflected in this oft-quoted advertisement from the Chicago Tribune in 1930: A voice. Dainty silk dresses instead of big petticoats. Sapphire-blue or amber glassware. The right to a career. Soap to match the bathroom color scheme. But like almost everything in the 1920s, sex and gender were a study in contradictions. This was the decade of the "New Woman," when only 10 percent of married women, but nearly half of unmarried women, worked outside the home. 18 It was a decade in which new technology reduced the time needed for family activities and pushed stereotypes about domestic cleanliness to often impossible limits. It was also a decade in which women finally gained the right to vote, and a decade in which the often loosely knit coalition of women who had achieved this victory splintered into various political parties. Finally, this was a decade in which the image of the flapper gave young girls a new way of expressing femininity, and a decade in which these ideas were often inaccessible to women of certain races, ages, and socioeconomic classes.

Women undoubtedly achieved almost everything in the 1920s. There was an immense and painfully felt educational shift that meant, for many women, more opportunities to work outside the home. For example, the decade saw a huge increase in the number of professional occupations for women. But there were still limitations to professional women. Professions such as law and medicine remained male-dominated, and the majority of professional women worked in feminized occupations such as teaching and caring for the bedridden. And even in these fields, it was difficult for girls to gain leadership positions.

VIII. Fundamentalist Christianity

Furthermore, it is crucial not to generalize the skills of all women based on the experiments of only certain demographics, as many have said. Women's race, class, nationality, and family structure influenced both their ability to work outside the home and the types of opportunities available to them. But there were exceptions. For many women from minority groups, working outside the home was less a cultural assertion than an economic necessity (or both), and the most common form of work remained at the physical level. Young white working-class women also increasingly went out to work, often to help their mothers or founders in need.

The office was the most common workplace for young middl e-class white women (the most similar people). Most of them were single, and in the early days of the century, the number of men became most common. However, there was also a clear ceiling here. The original clerk was becoming more and more feminine, but the larger and more advantageous positions were still monopolized by men. In addition, in order to change the culture of the workplace, the climate of the workplace itself has first changed by a woman in a lower position. These status were simply "women's work".

The chilly, decadence, and oblivion of the 1920s are embodied in a flapper drawn in Russell Patterson's drawing, that is, a stereotype of Rolling Twenties, a cheerful and open woman. US Congress Book Depository

And as they got older and got married, the social composition became even more subtle. Most of the married women had to stay in the economic sphere. However, the new utility pattern gave them great power and probably greater independence, and the new family technology, marriage and chil d-raising philosophy increased their expectations for them, and binded them to their homes. 。 Of course, the number of women in the workplace cannot be indicators of gender and gender norms. For example, the way of thinking about gender continued to change in the 1920s, starting several decades ago. This also had a major difference between social groups. However, for many women, especially for young women who have the highest educational background, attempts to rebel against the Victorian dynasty's gender, which are compudent in the perspective of them, is a sexual energy before marriage. It led to the rise of, and the words of a historian became "almost a problem of adaptiveism." 19

At this time, the gay community flourished, especially in the city center, especially in New York. However, gay faced the police's management of daily life, especially at the end of the past 10 years, in general, who lived in these cities, which had been closed several decades since World War II. At the same time, at the same time, for many lesbians in the 10s, the sexualization of women is the same as a woman who used to be harmless, and the same sexual affair with a more fai r-oriented representative. It means that it will be a new strong interest. twenty one

After all, Flupla mostly symbolizes changes in thinking about gender in the 1920s. Certainly, this image expressed the femininity of the 1920s "new". However, this is just a female image of the 1920s. In the last ten years, there were many women with various races, classes, ethnic groups, and many men with various experiences. For a woman, the 1920s was an era of reorganization, new ideas, and new opportunities. For some women, it was 10 years of confusion, contradiction, new pressure, and new and new problems.

Jim Crow's irregularity of racial isolation, barbarism in the United States in the United States, and the prodigal of the 1919 "red summer" imposed a large burden on the 1920s American blacks. Fraud and violence continued. In Tals, Oklahoma, black Americans constructed the Greenwood districts, becoming outstanding in trade and prosperity. Booker T. Washington called it "Black Wall Street." On the night of May 31, 1921, a white mob was gathered and armed for the false accusation of sexual assault against a 1 9-yea r-old black Dick Roland, destroying this rich area. Thirty square areas or more have been destroyed. The mobs baked more than 1, 000 houses and killed hundreds of black Talchan. Some survivors recall that mobs used a larg e-diameter machine gun, and reported that airplanes and burning bombs fired from guns ran overhead. The next day, when the order recovered, the victims were buried in a group graveyard. Thousands of survivors were left without evacuation centers.

The breakthrough of racial violence has revealed new options for new generation black Americans. The large movement attracted many southern blacks to the north, and cultural regulations weakened nationwide, but in the 1920s in the northern cities, in the northern cities, it was an i n-house era of black Americans. During the big move, New York was a popular place for black Americans. The city's black population increased by 257 % from 91. 709 in 1910 to 327. 706 in 1930 (only 20 % of the white population). 22 In addition, nearly half of that of the Harlem area of Manhattan by 1930. 23 After all, Froppy mostly symbolizes changes in gender thinking in the 1920s. Certainly, this image expressed the femininity of the 1920s "new". However, this is just a female image of the 1920s. In the last ten years, there were many women with various races, classes, ethnic groups, and many men with various experiences. For a woman, the 1920s was an era of reorganization, new ideas, and new opportunities. For some women, it was 10 years of confusion, contradiction, new pressure, and new and new problems.

IX. Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

The breakthrough of racial violence has revealed new options for new generation black Americans. The large movement attracted many southern blacks to the north, and cultural regulations weakened nationwide, but in the 1920s in the northern cities, in the northern cities, it was an i n-house era of black Americans. During the big move, New York was a popular place for black Americans. The city's black population increased by 257 % from 91. 709 in 1910 to 327. 706 in 1930 (only 20 % of the white population). 22 In addition, nearly half of that of the Harlem area of Manhattan by 1930. 23, after all, the fluid mostly symbolizes changes in gender thinking in the 1920s. Certainly, this image expressed the femininity of the 1920s "new". However, this is just a female image of the 1920s. In the last ten years, there were many women with various races, classes, ethnic groups, and many men with various experiences. For a woman, the 1920s was an era of reorganization, new ideas, and new opportunities. For some women, it was 10 years of confusion, contradiction, new pressure, and new and new problems.

Initially, Harleus was located between 130 and 145, between the fifth and fourth street. By 1930, the Harleus area expanded to 155 chome, with 164. 000 residents. The constant movement to the world's greatest black city has worsened issues such as crime, health, housing, and unemployment. 24 Nevertheless, he is inspired by racial pride, military service, urban environment in World War I, and the philosophy of Panapricanism and Garvianism (this is described later). I united black people. James Weldon Johnson called Harlem the "capital of culture." 25. Cultural fermentation in the region created Harlem Renaissance and contributed to the development of what was called the new Nigro movement at the time.

Alain Rock did not advocate the word "new blacks", but his achievements have been greatly spread to the world. In a new black man published in 1925, Rock declared that there is no longer a humility generation. After rock gathered works of young and old, black, and white, Anthology was published not only in them, but also with Afro American. This book has been joined by many other books. Harlem Renaissance's popular writers published 26 novels, 10 poems, and many stories from 1922 to 1935. Along with the famous Langston Hughes and Claude Mackey, almost on e-third of these novels was published by women, such as Jesse Redmon Foursette and Zora Neil Hearston. Despite the diversity of the subject, stereotypes and racial prejudice common to Americans were often studied and argued in literature. Initially, Harleus was located between 130 and 14 5-chome between the fifth and Atchi Street. By 1930, the Harleus area expanded to 155 chome, with 164. 000 residents. The constant movement to the world's greatest black city has worsened issues such as crime, health, housing, and unemployment. 24 Nevertheless, he is inspired by racial pride, military service, urban environment in World War I, and the philosophy of Panapricanism and Garvianism (this is described later). I united black people. James Weldon Johnson called Harlem the "capital of culture." 25. Cultural fermentation in the region created Harlem Renaissance and contributed to the development of what was called the new Nigro movement at the time.

Alain Rock did not advocate the word "new blacks", but his achievements have been greatly spread to the world. In a new black man published in 1925, Rock declared that there is no longer a humility generation. After rock gathered works of young and old, black, and white, Anthology was published not only in them, but also with Afro American. This book has been joined by many other books. Harlem Renaissance's popular writers published 26 novels, 10 poems, and many stories from 1922 to 1935. Along with the famous Langston Hughes and Claude Mackey, almost on e-third of these novels was published by women, such as Jesse Redmon Foursette and Zora Neil Hearston. Despite the diversity of the subject, stereotypes and racial prejudice common to Americans were often studied and argued in literature. Initially, Harleus was located between 130 and 145, between the fifth and fourth street. By 1930, the Harleus area expanded to 155 chome, with 164. 000 residents. The constant movement to the world's greatest black city has worsened issues such as crime, health, housing, and unemployment. 24 Nevertheless, he is inspired by racial pride, military service, urban environment in World War I, and the philosophy of Panapricanism and Garvianism (this is described later). I united black people. James Weldon Johnson called Harlem the "capital of culture." 25. Cultural fermentation in the region created Harlem Renaissance and contributed to the development of what was called the new Nigro movement at the time.

X. Conclusion

XI. Primary Sources

The Harlem Renaissance was evident in theater, art, and music. For the first time, black artists played serious roles on Broadway. Dixie, which opened on Broadway in 1924, was the first all-black show to go mainstream. 27 The art of Meta-Voc's Warrick Fuller, Aaron Douglas, and Palmer Hayden showcased black cultural heritage and captured the skill set of the current population. In music, jazz quickly rose to prominence. Wanting to hear "real jazz," Snow White rode into Harlem's Cotton Club and Smalls. Near the Greenwich Billids, nightclubs and speakeasies gave the gals a space where sexual desire and gay life could flourish. Though a rabble, these headliners were hired for concerts in Harlem, like Duke Ellington, and generally maintained a nonchalant attitude around the dark community. More than this, black performers often did not tolerate restroom restrictions and state door restrictions. As the Renaissance era drew to a close, some Harlem Renaissance artists continued to produce important works that attest to the movement being only one component in a long sequence of Afro-American cultural and spiritual achievements. 28

Garveanism was criticized for being highly specific, but it developed a number of adherents and served as a necessary catalyst for further black nationalist movements. Photographed by Marcus Garvey, August 5, 1924. Bookstore of the U. S. Congress.

The explosive self-expression of Afro-Americans found diverse embodiments in political circles. In the 1910s and 1920s, perhaps no one wooed disillusioned black associates as much as Marcus Garvey. Garvey was a Jamaican publisher and active firebrand who arrived in New York in 1916. A few years later, he founded the World Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), the world's leading dark nationalist group. 29 Inspired by Panapricanism and the model of industrial education, Bower T. Washington, and critically referencing Du Bois's elite-strategy, which he saw as the service of the dark elite, Garvey Soest, he encouraged racial pride, initiated black economic freedom, made black people, and prevented "racial burdens in Africa and the Diaspora."30

Headquartered in Harlem, the UNIA published the Negro World and organized meticulously planned parades. Members of the organization, known as the Harveyites, marched through the city streets in lavishly decorated militaristic costumes. The organization criticized the NAACP for its slow pace of legal activity and its acceptance of its members and the ways of whites. If the Negro were to depend only on the ballot and his own industrial advancement, he would be hopeless. For example, if he were to be lynched, burned at the stake, segregated with Jim Crow, it would surely help him," Harvey opined. In 1919, the UNIA announced plans to establish a shipping company called the Black Star Line as part of an effort to encourage black Yankees to abandon the political system and "go back to Africa." Much of the investment came in the form of promotion purchased by UNIA members who had heard Garvey's inspirational speeches across the country on the importance of establishing paying business among African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans. 31 Garvey's detractors scorned his public concerts and his under-managed businesses, criticizing Garvey for pursuing empty gestures rather than measures to achieve concrete African-American goals. NAACP supporters dismissed Garvey's projects as simply "Give up! Give up! Give up! The fight is pointless". Emboldened by Garvey's bold attacks on other questionable officials and his constructive ideas about racial self-reliance, his African-American and Afro-Caribbean henchmen, almost all of whom worked with government officials, launched a "Harvey Goes Away" campaign. Although the UNIA, for example, never resumed its own promotional activities or financial support after Garvey was pardoned in 1927, his expulsion had a lasting impact on the understanding of black people in the United States and abroad. He influenced such Garveyites as Malcolm X and the first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. Garvey's letter, perhaps more than any other, reflects his slogan, "Rise Up, Mighty Race!" and resonated with African Americans, who found in Garveyism an ambition that everyday life could not provide. In that sense, the letter was a prime example of the Harlem Renaissance. 32

But the 1920s, despite its cultural excitement, were difficult times for radicals, immigrants, and "modernity" in general. Fear of foreign radicals led to the execution of two Italian anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, in 1927. They were arrested in May 1920 for theft and murder in connection with the Massachusetts Factory Affair. Their convictions were appealed for many years because the evidence on which they were convicted was so thin. For example, one witness claimed that Vanzetti had driven the machine and escaped, while another testified that someone else had done something completely different. Nevertheless, both were executed on August 23, 1927, despite worldwide lobbying by radicals and a respectable campaign by middle-class Italian organizations in America. Vanzetti perhaps most succinctly explained the cause of his death, saying: ... I suffer because I am a radical, a real radical. I suffer because I am Italian, truly Italian.”33

Looking for a scapegoat, many white middle-class Americans expressed concern about the changes taking place in America, pointing to immigrants from Eastern Europe and Latin America (immigration from Asia was largely banned), Afro-Americans who became active in the civil rights movement, and the mass exodus from the American South to northern cities as part of the Great Migration, in which nearly half a million blacks moved from the South to northern cities between 1910 and 1920. Meanwhile, Protestants continued to denounce the Roman Catholic Church, accusing American Catholics of being loyal to the Pope and not to their country.

In 1921, the parliament enacted an emergency immigration law as a temporary immigration measure, established a national law three years later, and established a certain assignment in the country of origin. The number of immigrants accepted from each country every year to the United States has been limited to 2 % of the population living in the United States in 1890. (This law, which drives the recent "new" immigrant waves from Southern Europe, East Europe, Latin America, and Asia, has made the immigrant immigrant in the United States very complicated) 。 The law also removed all Asians directly, but temporarily canceled Mexican immigration to satisfy the southern and western manufacturers. The trials of Sacco and Vanisetti and the larg e-scale immigration regulations meant Nativism's enjoyment. Many Americans were worried about the growth of the United States in the United States as before. Many writers believed that cultural war was trying to tear the country.

The new core of Christian fundamentalists, in addition to the increase in the growth of immigrants, Catholics, and Judaism, was deeply concerned about relieving sexual morals and increasing social freedom, especially in central cities. 。 Many of the fundamentalists were not uniform groups, but Protestants seemed to be a challenge to Catholic, women enjoyed sexual freedom, and encouraged selfish and empty pleasure. The critics have opposed the decline in public morals against a world where alcohol transactions are expanding through Burley Establish and Spikiji. In 1921, the parliament enacted the emergency immigration law as a temporary immigration, enacted the national law three years later, and set up a certain assignment in the country of origin. The number of immigrants accepted from each country every year to the United States has been limited to 2 % of the population living in the United States in 1890. (This law, which drives the recent "new" immigrant waves from Southern Europe, East Europe, Latin America, and Asia, has made the immigrant immigrant in the United States very complicated) 。 The law also removed all Asians directly, but temporarily canceled Mexican immigration to satisfy the southern and western manufacturers. Sacco and Vanzetti's trials and larg e-scale immigration regulations mean Nativism's enjoyment. Many Americans were worried about the growth of the United States in the United States as before. Many writers believed that cultural war was trying to tear the country.

The new core of Christian fundamentalists, in addition to the increase in the growth of immigrants, Catholics, and Judaism, was deeply concerned about relieving sexual morals and increasing social freedom, especially in central cities. 。 Many of the fundamentalists were not uniform groups, but Protestants seemed to be a challenge to Catholic, women enjoyed sexual freedom, and encouraged selfish and empty pleasure. The critics have opposed the decline in public morals against a world where alcohol transactions are expanding through Burley Establish and Spikiji. In 1921, the parliament enacted an emergency immigration law as a temporary immigration measure, established a national law three years later, and established a certain assignment in the country of origin. The number of immigrants accepted from each country every year to the United States has been limited to 2 % of the population living in the United States in 1890. (This law, which drives the recent "new" immigrant waves from Southern Europe, East Europe, Latin America, and Asia, has made the immigrant immigrant in the United States very complicated) 。 The law also removed all Asians directly, but temporarily canceled Mexican immigration to satisfy the southern and western manufacturers. The trials of Sacco and Vanisetti and the larg e-scale immigration regulations meant Nativism's enjoyment. Many Americans were worried about the growth of the United States, which was no longer in the United States. Many writers believed that cultural war was trying to tear the country.

XII. Reference Material

Instead, Christian fundamentalism was born from the doctrine controversy of Protestant leaders. Liberal theological people were eager to involve religions with science and secular culture. Modernists have declared that the Christian miracle theory should be more metaphorous than all the other, under the teachings of the 19t h-century German scientists. In their opinion, the temple should be adapted to the world. According to the Baptist's pastor Harry Emerson Fosdick, "the arrival of Christ" is "slowly ... but surely Christ's freedom and foundation are the blessings of God. It has the potential to be embodied. "34 34 The social gospel, which called Christians to build a god of gods on the ground by fighting social inequality and economic inequality, was closely related to liberalism.

In the 1910s, the evangelist A. C-sung, inspired by the oil king Riman and Milton Stewart, requested about 90 books aimed at opposing religious liberalism. This book, known as "Fundamentals," became a major document of Christian fundamentalism, which created the name of this movement. For example, Jesus returns to the ground at the end of time to redeem the right person and curse the bad. Some essays have asserted that human efforts cannot build a kingdom of God, while others touch the topic of virginity and the no n-materiality of the Bible. South American fundamentalists belonged to various propsal teachers of Protestant and borrowed ideas from various philosophy and theology. In particular, the Holins movement, the 19th century large revival, the fresh dispensationist (assuming the situation will end between Allah's "Dispensation".) Allah's "Dispensation"). Ta. However, they all agreed in the fact that modernism was an enemy and the Bible was a depalless textbook. The movement was often a moving exercise with no accurate border, but many famous clergy, including famous and active John Loch S. Instead, Christian fundamentalism was born from the doctrine controversy of Protestant leaders. Liberal theological people were eager to involve religions with science and secular culture. Modernists have declared that the Christian miracle theory should be more metaphorous than all the other, under the teachings of the 19t h-century German scientists. In their opinion, the temple should be adapted to the world. According to the Baptist's pastor Harry Emerson Fosdick, "the arrival of Christ" is "slowly ... but surely Christ's freedom and foundation are the blessings of God. It has the potential to be embodied. "34 34 The social gospel, which called Christians to build a god of gods on the ground by fighting social inequality and economic inequality, was closely related to liberalism.

In the 1910s, the evangelist A. C-sung, inspired by the oil king Riman and Milton Stewart, requested about 90 books aimed at opposing religious liberalism. This book, known as "Fundamentals," became a major document of Christian fundamentalism, which created the name of this movement. For example, Jesus returns to the ground at the end of time to redeem the right person and curse the bad. Some essays have asserted that human efforts cannot build a kingdom of God, while others touch the topic of virginity and the no n-materiality of the Bible. South American fundamentalists belonged to various propsal teachers of Protestant and borrowed ideas from various philosophy and theology. In particular, the Holins movement, the 19th century large revival, the fresh dispensationist (assuming the situation will end between Allah's "Dispensation".) Allah's "Dispensation"). Ta. However, they all agreed in the fact that modernism was an enemy and the Bible was a depalless textbook. The movement was often a moving exercise with no accurate border, but many famous clergy, including famous and active John Loch S. Instead, Christian fundamentalism was born from the doctrine controversy of Protestant leaders. Liberal theological people were eager to involve religions with science and secular culture. Modernists have declared that the Christian miracle theory should be more metaphorous than all the other, under the teachings of the 19t h-century German scientists. In their opinion, the temple should be adapted to the world. According to the Baptist's pastor Harry Emerson Fosdick, "the arrival of Christ" is "slowly ... but surely Christ's freedom and foundation are the blessings of God. It has the potential to be embodied. "34 34 The social gospel, which called Christians to build a god of gods on the ground by fighting social inequality and economic inequality, was closely related to liberalism.

On March 21, 1925, fundamentalists gathered in a small courtroom in Dayton, Tennessee, to debate the issue of creation and evolution. John T. Scopes, a young biology teacher, was on trial for teaching the concept of evolution to his students in violation of Tennessee's Butler Act. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), seeing the law as a danger to its own freedoms and believing that a conviction and further appeals would effectively have the Supreme Court consider the issue of the law's constitutionality, immediately began looking for volunteers for a "test case." It was at this time that Scopes, a part-time instructor and trainer, appeared on stage and voluntarily admitted to teaching evolution (though Scopes was never charged with violating the law). For example, the decisive trial between evolution advocates and opponents, known as the "Trial of the Century," began, and became a major factor in the long American "culture wars." 36

The case became a public spectacle. Clarence Darrow, an agnostic, liberal and sharp-minded lawyer from Chicago, volunteered to defend William Jennings Bryan. Bryan, the "Great Commoner," had been a three-time presidential candidate and, in his younger years, led a political crusade against corporate greed. During this time, Bryan had believed strongly in the righteousness of his cause, but now he defended biblical literalism in similar terms. The doctrine of evolution, which emphasizes the survival of the fittest, "destroys devotion and returns man to tooth-and-claw combat," Bryan declared. 37 During the Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow (right) denounced the idea of a literal interpretation of the Bible. "Dudley Field Malone, Dr. John R. Neal, and Clarence Darrow in Chicago, Illinois." Clarence Darrow Digital Collection, Minnesota Institute.

Newspapers and spectators rushed into a small dayton town. Americans all over the country have taken the radio receiver on the national broadcast of the trial, and has taken up issues such as freedom of religion, freedom of academic, parent's rights, and moral responsibilities of education. During July 6th, American men and women were fascinated by Brian's evolution of the theory of molten into moral (and Darrow, Darrow, Nathan Leopold and Richard. It was noted that when a river was protected first, the same argument was developed on the possibility of the depravity of education during the protection). Daro fought eloquently for freedom of learning. 38

At the request of the defense, Brian served as an "appraiser" according to the Bible. His age was confused and incoherent that he was unable to comparable to the famous skills of the judicial lawyer Darrow, (like many rebellings, like an evolutionary person, It was not literal in all stories of the words of Genesis, which can be seen as an allegory, so especially, especially in the random, randomly recognized, a random follower-functionalist. I want to push. In addition, Darrow raised the number of questions that could not be answered: Is the "huge fish" that swallows the prophet ions accurately created for this purpose? What happened astronomically when God stationed the sun? Brian, of course, could only mention his belief in the miracle. Brian's testimony was a catastrophe on PR, as entangled with logical contradiction. The next day, his remarks were excluded from the Protocol, and expert remarks were no longer allowed, but Skow's guilty was proved, and the jury gave a prosecution in a few minutes. After that, the case was discontinued for formal reasons. However, few people were worried about this decision. In many ways, at least for those who defend him, Darrow had already won. G. L. Menken, a journalist and satire writer, called it a "circle." newspapers and spectators rushed into a small dayton town. Americans all over the country have taken the radio receiver on the national broadcast of the trial, and has taken up issues such as freedom of religion, freedom of academic, parent's rights, and moral responsibilities of education. During July 6th, American men and women were fascinated by Brian's evolution of the theory of molten into moral (and Darrow, Darrow, Nathan Leopold and Richard. It was noted that when a river was protected first, the same argument was developed on the possibility of the depravity of education during the protection). Daro fought eloquently for freedom of learning. 38

At the request of the defense, Brian served as an "appraiser" according to the Bible. His age was confused and incoherent that he was unable to comparable to the famous skills of the judicial lawyer Darrow, (like many rebellings, like an evolutionary person, It was not literal in all stories of the words of Genesis, which can be seen as an allegory, so especially, especially in the random, randomly recognized, a random follower-functionalist. I want to push. In addition, Darrow raised the number of questions that could not be answered: Is the "huge fish" that swallows the prophet ions accurately created for this purpose? What happened astronomically when God stationed the sun? Brian, of course, could only mention his belief in the miracle. Brian's testimony was a catastrophe on PR, as entangled with logical contradiction. The next day, his remarks were excluded from the Protocol, and expert remarks were no longer allowed, but Skow's guilty was proved, and the jury gave a prosecution in a few minutes. After that, the case was discontinued for formal reasons. However, few people were worried about this decision. In many ways, at least for those who defend him, Darrow had already won. G. L. Menken, a journalist and satire writer, called it a "circle." Newspapers and spectators rushed into a small dayton town. Americans all over the country have taken the radio receiver on the national broadcast of the trial, and has taken up issues such as freedom of religion, freedom of academic, parent's rights, and moral responsibilities of education. During July 6th, American men and women were fascinated by Brian's evolution of the theory of molten into moral (and Darrow, Darrow, Nathan Leopold and Richard. It was noted that when a river was protected first, the same argument was developed on the possibility of the depravity of education during the protection). Daro fought eloquently for freedom of learning. 38

This photo, taken by the famous photographer Underwood and Underwood, depicts a collection of 300 Kuklukranovaites near Washington to work a new group of men in a personal order. Near the photographer himself, who was sponsored during the first of the clan's unfortunate popular night rituals, one can imagine that it was again from the clan's numerous marketing tricks. Underwood and Underwood, "The Clan Plans a Short Distance from the U. S. Capitol" (circa 1920s). The Bookstore of the American Congress.

A suspicious attitude towards immigrants, Catholics, and modernists contributed to the publication of a whole array of obscene organizations. For example, national fantasies such as the revived KKK (Ku Klux Klan) became white supremacist organizations that inherited South American symbols and South American life from blacks, feminists (and other radicals), immigrants, Catholics, Jews, atheists, Bhutto leaders, and many other moral opponents.

Two actions in 1915 are widely popularized as interpretations of clan revival: the lynching of Leo Frank and the release of the film The Birth of a Nation. The film was a well-known revolution, in which the clan of the Reconstruction period was praised as defenders of female virtue and Snow White racial purity. Colonel William Joseph Simmons, organized in Georgia, was often called the "second" KU-Klux plane, and used it for an unexpected rise to fame. This fresh clan developed to the standard of other fraternal organizations with thoughtful rituals and hierarchies, and remained in Reading, Georgia and Alabam until 1920, when Simmons began. 40

During World War I, the KKK spread beyond the Mason-Dixon Line, in part due to the migration of southern blacks to northern cities. Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and Portland saw a surge in KKK membership, while KKK-backed mayoral candidates won in Indianapolis, Denver, and Atlanta. 41 The KKK often recruited through fraternal organizations such as the Freemasons and various Protestant churches. In many areas, local Klansmen visited churches they supported, often giving monetary gifts to the officiating priest during services. The Klan also recruited people through large picnics, parades, rallies, and ceremonies. In 1923, the Ku Klux Klan established a women's organization headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. Women in the Ku Klux Klan mirrored the KKK in practice and ideology, and eventually had chapters in all 48 states, often recruiting women who had already participated in the prohibition movement. 42

Contrary to the notion that the Second KKK was primarily southern and lower class, it was nationwide and predominantly middle class. Sociologist Laurie McVie examined the Imperial Night Hawk newspaper in 1923 and 1924, the height of the KKK's power, and found that KKK-related activity was most prevalent in Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Georgia. The Klan also had a presence in Canada, where it was influential in the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan. In many states and provinces, the Klan dominated politics to the extent that it was impossible to win an election without the support of the KKK. For example, in 1924, the Klan supported William Lee Casorte in the Arkansas gubernatorial election, and his Democratic opponent, Thomas Terrall, was forced to become an honorary member of the Louisiana Craver to avoid being seen as an anti-Klan candidate. In 1922, Texans elected Earl B. Mayfield to the U. S. Senate, an arch Klansman who ran that year openly as a "Klan candidate." At its height, the Klan had between four and five million members. 43 During World War I, the KKK spread beyond the Mason-Dixon Line, in part due to the migration of southern blacks to northern cities. Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and Portland saw a surge in KKK membership, while KKK-backed mayoral candidates won in Indianapolis, Denver, and Atlanta. 41 The KKK often recruited through fraternal organizations such as the Freemasons and various Protestant churches. In many areas, local Klansmen visited churches they supported, often giving monetary gifts to the celebrant during services. The Klan also recruited people through large picnics, parades, rallies, and ceremonies. In 1923, the Ku Klux Klan established a women's organization headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. Women in the Ku Klux Klan mirrored the KKK in practice and ideology, eventually establishing chapters in all 48 states, often recruiting women who had already joined the prohibition movement. 42 Contrary to the notion that the Second KKK was primarily southern and lower class, it was a largely middle class, national organization. Sociologist Laurie McVie examined the Imperial Night Hawk newspaper in 1923 and 1924, the height of the KKK's popularity, and found that KKK-related activity was most prevalent in Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Georgia. The Klan also had a presence in Canada, where it was influential in the Conservative Party in Saskatchewan. In many states and provinces, the Klan dominated politics to such an extent that it was impossible to win election without the support of the KKK. For example, in 1924, the Klan supported William Lee Casorte for the Arkansas gubernatorial election, and his opponent in the Democratic primary, Thomas Terral, was forced to become an honorary member of the Louisiana Clavers to avoid being seen as an anti-Klan candidate. In 1922, Texans elected Earl B. Mayfield to the U. S. Senate, an arch Klansman who ran that year openly as a "Klan candidate." At its height, the Klan had between four and five million members. 43 During World War I, the KKK spread beyond the Mason-Dixon Line, in part due to the migration of southern blacks to northern cities. Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and Portland saw a rapid increase in KKK membership, and KKK-backed mayoral candidates won in Indianapolis, Denver, and Atlanta. 41 The KKK often recruited through fraternal organizations such as the Freemasons and various Protestant churches. In many areas, local Klansmen visited churches they supported, often giving monetary gifts to the officiating priest during services. The Klan also recruited people through large picnics, parades, rallies, and ceremonies. In 1923, the Ku Klux Klan established a women's organization headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. Women in the Ku Klux Klan mirrored the KKK in practice and ideology, and eventually had chapters in all 48 states, often recruiting women who had already joined the prohibition movement. 42 Contrary to the notion that the Second KKK was primarily southern and lower class, it was a largely middle-class, national organization. Sociologist Laurie McVie examined the Imperial Night Hawk newspaper from 1923 and 1924, the height of the KKK's popularity, and found that KKK-related activity was most prevalent in Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Georgia. The Klan also had a presence in Canada, where it exerted influence over the Conservative Party in Saskatchewan. In many states and provinces, the Klan controlled politics to such an extent that it was impossible to win election without the support of the KKK. For example, in 1924 the Klan supported William Lee Casorte for the governorship of Arkansas, and his opponent in the Democratic primary, Thomas Terrall, was forced to become an honorary member of the Louisiana Clavers to avoid being seen as an anti-Klan candidate. In 1922, Texans elected Earl B. Mayfield to the U. S. Senate, an arch Klansman who openly ran as a "Klan candidate" that year. At its height, the Klan had between four and five million members. 43

Despite his own political activities, the clan is now remembered by the hosts as a ruthless vigilante, but there is a reason. KLANs and their related organizations are often lynches and "night raids" (people who have been accused of fumbling "(for example, those who were accused of" immoral "(for example," were regarded as lynches and lynches, union officers, civil rights struggle. The persecution) was lost in the dark, or the food and robe were organized. In fact, clan was forced in Oklahoma, and in 1923, Governor John C. Walton laid a conscription system throughout the state. Witnesses testified in the military court have described the clan's violence, from the beating of underground beer brewers to the chopped blacks to blacken Thausan, which was popular for registering African Americans. In Houston, Texas, the clan maintained a larg e-scale monitoring system, such as eavesdropping telephone lines and placing spies at local post offices to identify the "unreasonable". In 1926, in Eiken, South Carolina, a gang, led by a clan member, lynched Bersa Roman and his two brothers, but no one was judged. The sheriffs, the sheriff, the city lawyer, and the state's commissioners were all tribes. 44

In the late 1920s, the clan declined due to the scandal and power crisis. By 1930, only about 30, 000 clan members disappeared, almost disappeared as a nationwide power. Despite his own political activities, the clan is now remembered by his hosts as a ruthless vigilante, but there is a reason. KLANs and their related organizations are often lynches and "night raids" (people who have been accused of fumbling "(for example, those who were accused of" immoral "(for example," were regarded as lynches and lynches, union officers, civil rights struggle. The persecution) was lost in the dark, or the food and robe were organized. In fact, clan was forced in Oklahoma, and in 1923, Governor John C. Walton laid a conscription system throughout the state. Witnesses testified in the military court have described the clan's violence, from the beating of underground beer brewers to the chopped blacks to blacken Thausan, which was popular for registering African Americans. In Houston, Texas, the clan maintained a larg e-scale monitoring system, such as eavesdropping telephone lines and placing spies at local post offices to identify the "unreasonable". In 1926, in Eiken, South Carolina, a gang, led by a clan member, lynched Bersa Roman and his two brothers, but no one was judged. The sheriffs, the sheriff, the city lawyer, and the state's commissioners were all tribes. 44

In the late 1920s, the clan declined due to the scandal and power crisis. By 1930, only about 30, 000 clan members disappeared, almost disappeared as a nationwide power. Despite his own political activities, the clan is now remembered by the hosts as a ruthless vigilante, but there is a reason. KLANs and their related organizations are often lynches and "night raids" (people who have been accused of fumbling "(for example, those who were accused of" immoral "(for example," were regarded as lynches and lynches, union officers, civil rights struggle. The persecution) was lost in the dark, or the food and robe were organized. In fact, clan was forced in Oklahoma, and in 1923, Governor John C. Walton laid a conscription system throughout the state. Witnesses testified in the military court have described the clan's violence, from the beating of underground beer brewers to the chopped blacks to blacken Thausan, which was popular for registering African Americans. In Houston, Texas, the clan maintained a larg e-scale monitoring system, such as eavesdropping telephone lines and placing spies at local post offices to identify the "unreasonable". In 1926, in Eiken, South Carolina, a gang, led by a clan member, lynched Bersa Roman and his two brothers, but no one was judged. The sheriffs, the sheriff, the city lawyer, and the state's commissioners were all tribes. 44

In the late 1920s, the clan declined due to the scandal and power crisis. By 1930, only about 30, 000 clan members disappeared, almost disappeared as a nationwide power.

In his 1929 inaugural address, Herbert Hoover basically told the Yankees that the Republican Party would bring prosperity. He did not take into account the economic weaknesses of the decade, not least because of the stubborn persistence of poverty and unprecedented inequality. Whether the new civilization of consumption contributed to the release of fresh freedoms, it also contributed to the public announcement of new threats. The loan-based economy put civilization at high risk. The collapsing European economy, the highest tariffs, inequality in welfare, building bouts, and the increasingly prolific consumer bazaar loomed menacingly over the nation until the Roaring Twenties slowed down. For a moment, the glitter and glamor of civilization seemed to have lost room for crisis and despair. For farmers, racial minorities, unionists, and other groups who did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s, the repeated jazz age and the fierce economic rise were fictions. But for them, and for a million Yankees, the lid was near. The Great Depression was on the way.

On May 14, 1920, Ohio Senator and presidential candidate G. Harding made this appeal to his home market, the Boston Club. In it, he actually expressed hope for a return to "normal life" after decades of modern politics and foreign intervention. In November, Harding won the largest percentage of the vote in a presidential election to that date.

In a commentary by socialist and feminist Crystal Histan, women later argued that women had to fight for the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which gave voting rights to South American girls.

Encouraged by the writings of Borker T. Washington, Jamaican citizen Marcus Garvey became America's most famous black nationalist. He supported the "Back to Africa" movement, advocated the creation of black-owned companies, founded the multinational shipping company Black Star Line, and also founded the World Association of Negro Advanced Nations. Thousands of UNIA chapters were formed around the world. In 1921, Garvey recorded a letter in one of the New York studios explaining the mission of the creation of the UNIA.

The second "Ku Kruck Clan" became known in the 1920s, and at its peak, many Americans accepted their friends. The clan dressed in the flag and cross and declared that they were American moral advocates. The organization attracted many "fine" middl e-class Americans. Hair Evans, a dentist in Dallas, Texas, talks about Americanism, Protestantism, and the powerful mix of whit e-class superior in the second clan.

Republican Herbert Hoover embodies the political conservative of the 1920s. He accused corporate regulations and opposed the personality of "bureaucracy." In November, Hoover, a Protestant from the Midwest, won the Irish Catholic Al Smith from New York. Here, in a speech held in late October, Hoober gave a view of the US government.

By 1922, flapper was becoming a completely scaled cultural phenomenon. In the following article, Ellen Wells Page, who claimed to be "Polofer," tried to explain the charm of the flapper and call on American mother and father to reflect on flapper daughters.

In the 1920s, Americans in the United States bought magazines like Photoplay to know more about the movie stars, which are their new favorite entertainment. The advertiser advertised various products and services to men and women who enjoyed the expansion of consumption culture in this era, taking advantage of this wide reader.
This chapter was edited by Brandy Thomas Wells, with Mika Chomas dresses, Mary Clubry, Maggie Franbuster, Emily Remas, Colin Reynolds, Christopher Shields, and Brandy Thomas Wells.
Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday： An Informal History of the 1920s. New York: Harper and Row, 1931.
Baldwin, Кэтлин М. Дамы Клана： Racisme en gender in de jaren 20. Berkeley： University of California Press, 1991.
Cohen, Lizabeth. Een nieuwe deal sluiten: Industriële arbeiders in Chicago, 1919-1939. New York： Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Хаггинс, Натан. Гарлемский ренессанс. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
MacLean, Nancy. Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Марсден, Джордж М. Фундаментализм и южноамериканская цивилизация: The shaping of twentieth-cury evangelicalism: 1870-1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. McGirr, Lisa. The war on alcohol: prohibition and the rise of the American state. New York: Norton, 2016.
Ngai, May M., Unreal Subject: illegal aliens and the making of modern America. Princeton University Press, 2004.
Sanchez, George. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Weinrib, Laura. Taming of Freedom of Text: America's Civil Liberties compromise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.
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Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

The rising emphasis on spending and accumulation nurtured a national ethos of materialism and individual pleasure. These impulses were embodied in the figure of. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Equal Rights Amendment, The Consumer Revolution, The "Culture of Escape" and more. American Yawp is a free, online, collaboratively built American history textbook. Over historians World War I and Its Aftermath -- The New Era --

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