Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction

Based on the agreement of Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin in the Yalta talks in February 1945, the Germany was divided into four occupied areas. : The United Kingdom, the United States, the Russian Federation, and France. Initially, it was hoped that the German Central Government would manage the nation as a whole in accordance with the conclusions of the four Allied nations through the Berlin Allied Council, but in fact the first 2 of the occupation. In the year, each allied country has more or less voluntary management. In 1947, the British Zone and the South American Zone were economically merged into bison, but they continued to be separate. Four years after the end of the war, for the first time in 1949, the western three areas formally merged to become the West German Federal Republic, and the Russian area became the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany).

The provided paper verified the status of the British zone from 1945 to 1949. Almost all conclusions seemed to be the same in the US and French zones, but the detailed conditions, policies, and shor t-term time frames were different in each zone. In the East Germany, in 1989, the Berlin walls have been proved relatively more than 40 years before the collapse of the Berlin Walls, which was a good alliance of the Russian Federation, and relatively relatively compared to other Russian members. I prospered.

As a political and diplomatic project, Germany has been made no n-Nazi, and its voluntary military power has been released, and the western and eastern part have been firmly fixed to the NATO and Warsaw Convention Organization. On the west side, the generous conditions for currency reform, free market politics, and marshall support in 1948 opened a new "miracle of economic". The turmoil was enhanced by the 1990 peaceful unification, replacing Germany in 1949, which was divided into two different countries in 1949. < SPAN> In the end of World War II, in February 1945, in February 1945, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin's agreement, Germany is four occupied areas by the United States. Divided: Britain, United States, Russian Federation, and France. Initially, it was hoped that the German Central Government would manage the nation as a whole in accordance with the conclusions of the four Allied nations through the Berlin Allied Council, but in fact the first 2 of the occupation. In the year, each allied country has more or less voluntary management. In 1947, the British Zone and the South American Zone were economically merged into bison, but they continued to be separate. Four years after the end of the war, for the first time in 1949, the western three areas formally merged to become the West German Federal Republic, and the Russian area became the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany).

The provided paper verified the status of the British zone from 1945 to 1949. Almost all conclusions seemed to be the same in the US and French zones, but the detailed conditions, policies, and shor t-term time frames were different in each zone. In the East Germany, in 1989, the Berlin walls have been proved relatively more than 40 years before the collapse of the Berlin Walls, which was a good alliance of the Russian Federation, and relatively relatively compared to other Russian members. I prospered.

The situation in Germany in 1945

As a political and diplomatic project, Germany has been made no n-Nazi, and its voluntary military power has been released, and the western and eastern part have been firmly fixed to the NATO and Warsaw Convention Organization. On the west side, the generous conditions for currency reform, free market politics, and marshall support in 1948 opened a new "miracle of economic". The turmoil was enhanced by the 1990 peaceful unification, replacing Germany in 1949, which was divided into two different countries in 1949. Based on the agreement of Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin in the Yalta talks in February 1945, the Germany was divided into four occupied areas. : The United Kingdom, the United States, the Russian Federation, and France. Initially, it was hoped that the German Central Government would manage the nation as a whole in accordance with the conclusions of the four Allied nations through the Berlin Allied Council, but in fact the first 2 of the occupation. During the year, the Allied countries have more or less voluntary management. In 1947, the British Zone and the South American Zone were economically merged into bison, but they continued to be separate. Four years after the end of the war, for the first time in 1949, the western three areas formally merged to become the West German Federal Republic, and the Russian area became the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany).

The provided paper verified the status of the British zone from 1945 to 1949. Almost all conclusions seemed to be the same in the US and French zones, but the detailed conditions, policies, and shor t-term time frames were different in each zone. In the East Germany, in 1989, the Berlin walls have been proved relatively more than 40 years before the collapse of the Berlin Walls, which was a good alliance of the Russian Federation, and relatively relatively compared to other Russian members. I prospered.

As a political and diplomatic project, Germany has been made no n-Nazi, and its voluntary military power has been released, and the western and eastern part have been firmly fixed to the NATO and Warsaw Convention Organization. On the west side, the generous conditions for currency reform, free market politics, and marshall support in 1948 opened a new "miracle of economic". The turmoil was enhanced by the 1990 peaceful unification in 1949, when Germany divided into two separate countries in 1949.

Physical and economic reconstruction

But success was not a natural conclusion. By superficial understanding of the Allied policies and actions, and the response of Germany, once the victory is achieved, and if the dictatorship rejects the position of power, sufficient financial investment and the introduction of free market economic policy will be implemented. , It can lead to an unbearable feeling that a stable and rich democracy will be born. The difficult transition period from the end of the European war in May 1945 to the establishment of the German Federal Republic in 1949 has a difficult choice. Managing Germany under British occupation gives lessons related to modern operations.

In May 1945, Germany fell into a turmoil. For example, 66 % of houses were destroyed in Cologne, and 93 % of Dusseldorf became impossible. The economy was stopped, and no central government was given to the Allies's instructions. Millions of people lost their homes and tried to return to a house that no longer exist. Among them, German civilian who had evacuated from the city and tried to escape the battle on the East West Front, former compiled workers (called "displaced people" or "DP"), Czechoslovakia, and Czechoslovakia. It contained German people who were kicked out of the former Eastern German territory (currently transferred to Poland). It is now transferred to Poland. Later, German director, Jobon Kirk Patrick, who later became the Foreign Secretary of Foreign Affairs, described the first impression of Germany in 1945 as follows: It's as if the huge ants were suddenly disturbed. < SPAN> But success was not a natural conclusion. By superficial understanding of the Allied policies and actions, and the response of Germany, once the victory is achieved, and if the dictatorship rejects the position of power, sufficient financial investment and the introduction of free market economic policy will be implemented. , It can lead to an unbearable feeling that a stable and rich democracy will be born. The difficult transition period from the end of the European war in May 1945 to the establishment of the German Federal Republic in 1949 has a difficult choice. Managing Germany under British occupation gives lessons related to modern operations.

In May 1945, Germany fell into a turmoil. For example, 66 % of houses were destroyed in Cologne, and 93 % of Dusseldorf became impossible. The economy was stopped, and no central government was given to the Allies's instructions. Millions of people lost their homes and tried to return to a house that no longer exist. Among them, German civilian who had evacuated from the city and tried to escape the battle on the East West Front, former compiled workers (called "displaced people" or "DP"), Czechoslovakia, and Czechoslovakia. It contained German people who were kicked out of the former Eastern German territory (currently transferred to Poland). It is now transferred to Poland. Later, German director, Jobon Kirk Patrick, who later became the Foreign Secretary of Foreign Affairs, described the first impression of Germany in 1945 as follows: It's as if the huge ants were suddenly disturbed. But success was not a natural conclusion. By superficial understanding of the Allied policies and actions, and the response of Germany, once the victory is achieved, and if the dictatorship rejects the position of power, sufficient financial investment and the introduction of free market economic policy will be implemented. , It can lead to an unbearable feeling that a stable and rich democracy will be born. The difficult transition period from the end of the European war in May 1945 to the establishment of the German Federal Republic in 1949 has a difficult choice. Managing Germany under British occupation gives lessons related to modern operations.

In May 1945, Germany fell into a turmoil. For example, 66 % of houses were destroyed in Cologne, and 93 % of Dusseldorf became impossible. The economy was stopped, and no central government was given to the Allies's instructions. Millions of people lost their homes and tried to return to a house that no longer exist. Among them, German civilian who had evacuated from the city and tried to escape the battle on the East West Front, former compiled workers (called "displaced people" or "DP"), Czechoslovakia, and Czechoslovakia. It contained German people who were kicked out of the former Eastern German territory (currently transferred to Poland). It is now transferred to Poland. Subcontracted Germany, who later became the German director and later became the Deputy Foreign Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said the first impression of Germany in 1945 as follows. It's as if the huge ants were suddenly disturbed.

During the war, London officials formulated a number of occupation plans, and in October 1944, the Ministry of Military Affairs announced many guidelines, but soldiers were placed in Germany after the victory was achieved. Was unacceptable. Marshal Montgomery, who was appointed Commander of the British Occupation on May 22, 1945, reminiscent of later issues: I am a on e-yea r-old, and I have been taught to deal with such problems. I didn't ... But I had to do something and I had to do it quickly. "

In the second "remarks on the status quo" in July 1945, Montogomery has only recent recent understanding of "overall scale of disasters" and "the size of the problem we are facing in German reconstruction". I wrote that it is. He continued to say that "overlapping too much" was a problem in the previous instructions, and that a new general order was needed. The current attitude toward the German people must be negative, turned into a positive thing, and gives hope to the future. "

Montogomery and their senior staff were in charge of military government and civil government within the British territory, and their urgent tasks were to create the order of chaos. In January 1946, General Brian Robertson, his deputy director, stated the first stage of occupation immediately and immediately before and after Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945:

Political renewal

There were almost no instructions, and many were left to individual discretion. The distribution corps fell into a land of devastation and confusion. The Volost Council's level of management has stopped. Everything was confused, people were embarrassed and helpless. "First, first," this was the motto when the military government first raised the sign in Germany. < SPAN> During the war, London officials formulated numerous occupation plans, and in October 1944, soldiers were placed in Germany after the victory was achieved, despite the many guidelines announced. The situation was unacceptable. Marshal Montgomery, who was appointed Commander of the British Occupation on May 22, 1945, reminiscent of later issues: I am a on e-yea r-old, and I have been taught to deal with such problems. I didn't ... But I had to do something and I had to do it quickly. "

In the second "remarks on the status quo" in July 1945, Montogomery has only recent recent understanding of "overall scale of disasters" and "the size of the problem we are facing in German reconstruction". I wrote that it is. He continued to say that "overlapping too much" was a problem in the previous instructions, and that a new general order was needed. The current attitude toward the German people must be negative, turned into a positive thing, and gives hope to the future. "

Montogomery and their senior staff were in charge of military government and civil government within the British territory, and their urgent tasks were to create the order of chaos. In January 1946, General Brian Robertson, his deputy director, stated the first stage of occupation immediately and immediately before and after Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945:

There were almost no instructions, and many were left to individual discretion. The distribution corps fell into a land of devastation and confusion. The Volost Council's level of management has stopped. Everything was confused, people were embarrassed and helpless. "First, first," this was the motto when the military government first raised the sign in Germany. During the war, London officials formulated a number of occupation plans, and in October 1944, the Ministry of Military Affairs announced many guidelines, but soldiers were placed in Germany after the victory was achieved. Was unacceptable. Marshal Montgomery, who was appointed Commander of the British Occupation on May 22, 1945, reminiscent of later issues: I am a on e-yea r-old, and I have been taught to deal with such problems. I didn't ... But I had to do something and I had to do it quickly. "

In the second "remarks on the status quo" in July 1945, Montogomery has only recent recent understanding of "overall scale of disasters" and "the size of the problem we are facing in German reconstruction". I wrote that it is. He continued to say that "overlapping too much" was a problem in the previous instructions, and that a new general order was needed. The current attitude toward the German people must be negative, turned into a positive thing, and gives hope to the future. "

Montogomery and their senior staff were in charge of military government and civil government within the British territory, and their urgent tasks were to create the order of chaos. In January 1946, General Brian Robertson, his deputy director, stated the first stage of occupation immediately and immediately before and after Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945:

There were almost no instructions, and many were left to individual discretion. The distribution corps fell into a land of devastation and confusion. The Volost Council's level of management has stopped. Everything was confused, people were embarrassed and helpless. "First, first," this was the motto when the military government first raised the sign in Germany.

Personal reconciliation

After World War I, Montgomeri worked as a young officer of the British Army during the occupation of the British Army during the occupation of Cologne and its surrounding area to comply with the provisions of the Versaille Treaty. Marshal of Robertson's founder, William Robertson, was temporarily leading BAOR. Montgomery, Robertson and their colleagues faced a surprisingly similar task with their predecessor just 25 years ago, and strive to avoid their mistakes. The only lesson they learned because they could not make the world after World War I was completely inferred in Germany and control the industry to prevent future r e-arming. Rather, it was necessary to recover the law and order. In 1933, the Nazis took control of the government and became one of the reasons for extremist political parties.

Montogomery has decided to work on a mission of controlling the defeated enemies as a military operation, mentioning the need to perform a "winter battle" in order to secure food, work, and residence for former hostile forces. The specific guidance was the Army and Civil Civil Commission Committee, which was formulated at the end of the war and was transferred to Germany in July and August 1945. In July 1945, which was less than three months after the end of the war, he had already announced a new command plan for the Boss of the British Army and the Boss of the Common Committee, which was irreversible on September 10, 1945. It was approved. Unlike the previous orders that the Army had issued at the time, new orders were the restoration of German finances and political life, solving food, fuel, and tidal flat problems, improving transportation infrastructure, and resuming work. The company defined measures to be established, permission for freedom of rally, approval of political parties, and prepared for the next election. Kon O'ng, a hig h-ranking official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a leading German research, said, "Overall, the British military administration is pursuing a policy of developing German finances. " < SPAN> Montgomeri was active as a young officer of the British Army during the British Army's occupation period, which occupied Cologne and its surrounding areas to comply with the provisions of the Versaille Treaty after World War I. 。 Marshal of Robertson's founder, William Robertson, was temporarily leading BAOR. Montgomery, Robertson and their colleagues faced a surprisingly similar task with their predecessor just 25 years ago, and strive to avoid their mistakes. The only lesson they learned because they could not make the world after World War I was completely inferred in Germany and control the industry to prevent future r e-arming. Rather, it was necessary to recover the law and order. In 1933, the Nazis took control of the government and became one of the reasons for extremist political parties.

Montogomery has decided to work on a mission of controlling the defeated enemies as a military operation, mentioning the need to perform a "winter battle" in order to secure food, work, and residence for former hostile forces. The specific guidance was the Army and Civil Civil Commission Committee, which was formulated at the end of the war and was transferred to Germany in July and August 1945. In July 1945, which was less than three months after the end of the war, he had already announced a new command plan for the Boss of the British Army and the Boss of the Common Committee, which was irreversible on September 10, 1945. It was approved. Unlike the previous orders that the Army had issued at the time, new orders were the restoration of German finances and political life, solving food, fuel, and tidal flat problems, improving transportation infrastructure, and resuming work. The company defined measures to be established, permission for freedom of rally, approval of political parties, and prepared for the next election. Kon O'ng, a hig h-ranking official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a leading German research, said, "Overall, the British military administration is pursuing a policy of developing German finances. " After World War I, Montgomeri worked as a young officer of the British Army during the occupation of the British Army during the occupation of Cologne and its surrounding area to comply with the provisions of the Versaille Treaty. Marshal of Robertson's founder, William Robertson, was temporarily leading BAOR. Montgomery, Robertson and their colleagues faced a surprisingly similar task with their predecessor just 25 years ago, and strive to avoid their mistakes. The only lesson they learned because they could not make the world after World War I was completely inferred in Germany and control the industry to prevent future r e-arming. Rather, it was necessary to recover the law and order. In 1933, the Nazis took control of the government and became one of the reasons for extremist political parties.

Montogomery has decided to work on a mission of controlling the defeated enemies as a military operation, mentioning the need to perform a "winter battle" in order to secure food, work, and residence for former hostile forces. The specific guidance was the Army and Civil Civil Commission Committee, which was formulated at the end of the war and was transferred to Germany in July and August 1945. In July 1945, which was less than three months after the end of the war, he had already announced a new command plan for the Boss of the British Army and the Boss of the Common Committee, which was irreversible on September 10, 1945. It was approved. Unlike the previous orders that the Army had issued at the time, new orders were the restoration of German finances and political life, solving food, fuel, and tidal flat problems, improving transportation infrastructure, and resuming work. The company defined measures to be established, permission for freedom of rally, approval of political parties, and prepared for the next election. Mr. Kon O'Neill, a hig h-ranking official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a leading German research, feels like the latest information is pursuing a policy of developing German finances in general. "

Conclusion

The new reconstruction politicians were blessed with limited luck, but could not secure sustainable fiscal rise or more than the basic living expenses of civilian Germany. With more than 1 million German huntsmen who were captured, detained and detained at the end of the war, in the plan entitled "Operation Barlay Corn" from June to September 1945, soil. Released for work and harvest. It turned out that the same plan, "Operation Call Skuttle," was the most successful. The British Army engineers returned most of the transportation infrastructure, and the economy began to recover, but because the labor and raw materials were short of shortage, it was only quite lo w-level creation.

Despite the widespread concerns about tuberculosis, hunger swollen, and other diseases, no serious infectious diseases occurred in the postwar Germany. However, the provision of food was an unchanged issue. In March 1946, the distribution of the British district was reduced to starvation, that is, to 1, 000 kcal a day, and the production capacity of workers to return from work and go to rural areas to rural areas. The distribution was 1, 500 kcal a day from 1948 to 9 years, and since then, like South America, for example, in the UK area, US economic support and food exports have increased significantly (compared to this, 1 after the war. The annual "hard britain" was a lot of food consumption, an average of 2, 800 kcal a day). This zone became a financial debt in exchange for the expected assets because the export price was difficult due to the highest food import price, the importance of production, and the lack of labor and raw materials. Ta. In 1946-7, it turned out to be 80 million pounds of British taxpayers, and did not pay attention to the fact that it had a huge share in the west German industry and the potential of the manufacturing industry. < SPAN> The new reconstruction politicians were blessed with limited luck, but could not secure sustainable fiscal rise or more than the basic living expenses of civilian Germany. With more than 1 million German huntsmen who were captured, detained and detained at the end of the war, in the plan entitled "Operation Barlay Corn" from June to September 1945, soil. Released for work and harvest. It turned out that the same plan, "Operation Call Skuttle," was the most successful. The British Army engineers returned most of the transportation infrastructure, and the economy began to recover, but because the labor and raw materials were short of shortage, it was only quite lo w-level creation.

Despite the widespread concerns about tuberculosis, hunger swollen, and other diseases, no serious infectious diseases occurred in the postwar Germany. However, the provision of food was an unchanged issue. In March 1946, the distribution of the British district was reduced to starvation, that is, to 1, 000 kcal a day, and the production capacity of workers to return from work and go to rural areas to rural areas. The distribution was 1, 500 kcal a day from 1948 to 9 years, and since then, like South America, for example, in the UK area, US economic support and food exports have increased significantly (compared to this, 1 after the war. The annual "hard britain" was a lot of food consumption, an average of 2, 800 kcal a day). This zone became a financial debt in exchange for the expected assets because the export price was difficult due to the highest food import price, the importance of production, and the lack of labor and raw materials. Ta. In 1946-7, it turned out to be 80 million pounds of British taxpayers, and did not pay attention to the fact that it had a huge share in the west German industry and the potential of the manufacturing industry. The new reconstruction politicians were blessed with limited luck, but could not secure sustainable fiscal rise or more than the basic living expenses of civilian Germany. With more than 1 million German huntsmen who were captured, detained and detained at the end of the war, in the plan entitled "Operation Barlay Corn" from June to September 1945, soil. Released for work and harvest. It turned out that the same plan, "Operation Call Skuttle," was the most successful. The British Army engineers returned most of the transportation infrastructure, and the economy began to recover, but because the labor and raw materials were short of shortage, it was only quite lo w-level creation.

Despite the widespread concerns about tuberculosis, hunger swollen, and other diseases, no serious infectious diseases occurred in the postwar Germany. However, the provision of food was an unchanged issue. In March 1946, the distribution of the British district was reduced to starvation, that is, to 1, 000 kcal a day, and the production capacity of workers to return from work and go to rural areas to rural areas. The distribution was 1, 500 kcal a day from 1948 to 9 years, and since then, like South America, for example, in the UK area, US economic support and food exports have increased significantly (compared to this, 1 after the war. The annual "hard briten" was consumed quite a bit, an average of 2, 800 kcal a day). This zone became a financial debt in exchange for the expected assets because the export price was difficult due to the highest food import price, the importance of production, and the lack of labor and raw materials. Ta. In 1946-7, it turned out to be 80 million pounds of British taxpayers, and did not pay attention to the fact that it had a huge share in the west German industry and the potential of the manufacturing industry.

• The responsibility for the restoration of democratic institutions and administrative processes in the English-speaking world was assigned to the Administration and District Self-Government (ALG) Department of the Control Commission. The guidelines issued by the Ministry of War in October 1944 contained few instructions on the issue, not to mention the removal of all former Nazis from municipal posts and important positions, as well as a joint request to support the development of decentralization and vacant responsibilities. More than once, senior bureaucrats in English local authority positions were unskilled for the job. There was a high demand for qualified personnel in a labor market distorted by six years of war. Harold Ingram was a former colonial bureaucrat. He followed an army general. The military and former colonial bureaucrats were tasked with building a democratic system in a country that had no way of conducting democratic processes themselves and where fascist dictatorship standards had reigned for the past 12 years.
• As a military governor, Montgomery banned all political activities for the first four months of occupation, and the Army's "civil government" distribution squad directly seizes the city and county's civil government and undertakes responsibility for the immediate needs of the residents. Ta. Ingrams and ALG colleagues later started working on botto m-ups, and set up a representative council on an appointment system in city, villages, and local counties. The Local Commander in the UK is "the interests of the party or club group, which is widely defined or geographically defined by religious organizations, unions, political parties, farmers, and businessmen. Was elected German Councilors.
• As a military governor, Montgomery banned all political activities for the first four months of occupation, and the Army's "civil government" distribution squad directly seizes the city and county's civil government and undertakes responsibility for the immediate needs of the residents. Ta. Ingrams and ALG colleagues later started working on botto m-ups, and set up a representative council on an appointment system in city, villages, and local counties. The Local Commander in the UK is "the interests of the party or club group, which is widely defined or geographically defined by religious organizations, unions, political parties, farmers, and businessmen. Was elected German Councilors.

Further Reading

During the first two years of occupation, the UK's local autonomous policy has shifted from direct rule to indirect rule. Political parties were approved in the latter half of 1945, then the political parties were approved at the local level, then at the local and zone levels, and in October 1946 the city, ward, and regional council elections were held. In accordance with the principles of the agreed decentralization, considerable authority has been transferred to the region, the German Schlevic h-Holstein, Needor Saxen, Nordlin e-Vestfahren, and Hamburg. Only government functions, such as central economic plans and transportation infrastructure management, are maintained at the zone level under military administration until the Allies are agreed on the future government structure of the entire Germany. We are trying to driven a hook cross into the parish pump. According to him, they had to do not only eliminating the e x-Nazi from the responsible position, removing the remaining parts of the German army, and destroying the weapon factory. A new political system had to be created in another country, so that the new Hitler does not allow power to grasp power. He said this is best to be achieved by local policy, starting a political revitalization process at a local level and giving people the local community.

As a military governor, Montgomery banned all political activities for the first four months of occupation, and the Army's "civil government" distribution squad directly seizes the city and county's civil government and undertakes responsibility for the immediate needs of the residents. Ta. Ingrams and ALG colleagues later started working on botto m-ups, and set up a representative council on an appointment system in city, villages, and local counties. The Local Commander in the UK is "the interests of the party or club group, which is widely defined or geographically defined by religious organizations, unions, political parties, farmers, and businessmen. Was elected German Councilors.

During the first two years of occupation, the UK's local autonomous policy has shifted from direct rule to indirect rule. Political parties were approved in the latter half of 1945, then the political parties were approved at the local level, then at the local and zone levels, and in October 1946 the city, ward, and regional council elections were held. In accordance with the principles of the agreed decentralization, considerable authority has been transferred to the region, the German Schlevic h-Holstein, Needor Saxen, Nordlin e-Vestfahren, and Hamburg. Only government functions, such as central economic plans and transportation infrastructure management, are maintained at the zone level under military administration until the Allies are agreed on the future government structure of the entire Germany.

About the author

In fact, it is impossible to impose democracy by force. Initially, I tried to introduce the British democratic model to Germany. I tried to impose British practices such as voting in the "list order" in elections and running for unpaid and not full district council presidents instead of German citizen mayors and elected hamlet mayors. These crawls were not successful on the whole. In fact, the main German members of the newly formed democratic parties had been formed before the Nazis took control of Germany and had strong habits of district democracy. They were supported by German immigrants in London and by John Hind, the Minister for German Affairs, who had close ties with some of them.