How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine OONI

How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine

By the way, last year, the Russian Federation began a strategy in Ukraine. Following this, Internet censorship has been strengthened, and domestic ISPs have begun to block access to several web news sites. In early March 2022, Oii published a report on these rocks and websites (200RF. com) blocking information about Ukrainian prisoners and dead Russian fighters. Oni also states that domestic ISPs have begun access to Twitter on February 26, 2022 and ran on blocks on March 4, 2022.

In fact, it is known that information control is performed at the time of the incident, and severe censorship in the Russian Federation has shown an attempt to control scraping before and after the Ukrainian incident. But has the Russian Federation Internet censorship changed last year?

In this report, to answer this question, we analyze the measured values of Oni collected in the Russian Federation during the period from January 2022 to February 2023. We will supplement ROSKOMVOBODA's corresponding legal analysis and information from the Cabinet survey.

Key Findings

In the Test of the OON I-Web connection measurement value acquired in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to February 2023, 494 domains were shown, of which 48 were integrated into the official registry of Roscom Nazor. Not. Generally, the blocked domain belongs to a wide range of 28 categories, which is actually a wide range of Internet censorship in the Russian Federation.

The new rock that appeared last year is as follows:

Block of International Human Rights Site (Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International);
Space｝ Block the Russian human rights website (Moscow Helsinki Group);
Block the website of journalism surveys and no n-occupational news media (The Bell);
Instagram block, SoundCloud and Patreon.

Access to the TOR plan website has been canceled (from July 15 to July 28, 2022), and a certain number of websites that have stopped working have been released (probably part of the "cleanlist") 。

Background

Legal environment

The excellent range of Internet censorship in Russia in 2022 has become possible thanks to the Internet control-control, which has been preparing for the invasion of Ukraine. In 2004, the Moscow's Savelovsky Court made a relevant ruling, and for the first time, the decision of the court was restricted. The blocked URL has led to the textbook of the religious paper "The Book of Ichigo". According to the owl "center expert, this text actually contains" individual elements in the enemy's language and some mentions to Jihad, which was referred to in a positive sense. " He is not eligible to "approach religious works in the 18th century based on modern standards." The next waves of the blocking visited in the 2000s and mainly influenced music artists, religions, and fa r-right literature.

Internet censorship has been used for the past decade as one of the main means of establishing "information sovereignty". As of November 1, 2012, when the law on the preparation of registration books banned in Russia was established, the categories of prohibited information that can be blocked by no n-judicial procedures have increased and have the right to add resources to the registration book. It is also increasing. At the same time, each department has its own views on how to engage with these powers.

At the same time, there is a national organization that regularly reports the "prohibited" content to these departments. For example, drugs and educational activities are equated with propaganda. The fact that in Russia can block any platform for any reason, it was revealed a few years ago. We saw a major resource, including at Risk Zone, in an example of Twitter blocked at the request of ROSKOMNADZOR to protect the citizens. According to the Bureau, Microblog-Services have not deleted content containing information on minors, child pornography, and drug use, which call for suicide.

Thanks to the "Lugovoy Law" (398-з), it has become possible to block resources by bypassing the court. The law was enforced in December 2013, and the Roscom Nazol has been able to immediately block sites and "extremist" information to call for riots, under the direction of the Public Prosecutor's Office. The excellent range of Internet censorship in Russia in 2022 has become possible thanks to the Internet control-control, which has been preparing for the Ukrainian invasion. In 2004, the Moscow's Savelovsky Court made a relevant ruling, and for the first time, the decision of the court was restricted. The blocked URL has led to the textbook of the religious paper "The Book of Ichigo". According to the owl "center expert, this text actually contains" individual elements in the enemy's language and some mentions to Jihad, which was referred to in a positive sense. " He is not eligible to "approach religious works in the 18th century based on modern standards." The next waves of the blocking visited in the 2000s and mainly influenced music artists, religions, and fa r-right literature.

Thanks to the "Lugovoy Law" (398-з), it has become possible to block resources by bypassing the court. The law was enforced in December 2013, and the Roscom Nazol has been able to immediately block sites and "extremist" information to call for riots, under the direction of the Public Prosecutor's Office. The excellent range of Internet censorship in Russia in 2022 has become possible thanks to the Internet control-control, which has been preparing for the invasion of Ukraine. In 2004, the Moscow's Savelovsky Court made a relevant ruling, and for the first time, the decision of the court was restricted. The blocked URL has led to the textbook of the religious paper "The Book of Ichigo". According to the owl "center expert, this text actually contains" individual elements in the enemy's language and some mentions to Jihad, which was referred to in a positive sense. " He is not eligible to "approach religious works in the 18th century based on modern standards." The next waves of the blocking visited in the 2000s and mainly influenced music artists, religions, and fa r-right literature.

In the latter half of 2017, the Public Prosecutor's Office gained the right to block the "unwanted" organization website without a trial or investigation. For the next two weeks, the "Information" law revision, "Open Russia", other plans of Hodorcofsky ("Open University", "Plan of Putin" planned for no n-conjunction voting for presidential candidates, Politicians' personal websites) were blocked.
In 2022, the Russian Federation adopted a censorship law packaging, establishing a criminal and administrative obligation to gradually criticize the behavior of military and authorities. Based on the "military" order of ROSKOMNADZOR and ROSKOMNADZOR, the ignorant Russian and foreign media 10-ki, blog platform, news agrigator, human rights and charitors' webcaps, public network Facebooks, Instagram and Twitter Blocked.

In February 2022, the Ministry of Home Affairs ordered a device that blocks information sources, including personal information under the national defense. Roskomnadzor has become a serious institution to register these websites in the registration book on the unauthorized website. ROSKOMNADZOR has started registered for day or night, regardless of information illegality and access restrictions.

In March 2022, the city council and the Federal Congress were almost immediately revised in the criminal law. This amendment has applied penalties for the distribution of fake news on military acts, and those who have fallen by the Russian Federal Army will be threatened by sanctions, for example, from the fine of 100. 000 rubles to the 1 5-year prohibition sentence. In the case:

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A fine of 100, 000 rubles. The purpose of the Russian Federal Army's credit has been charged with calling the people to prevent the use of the Russian Federal Army.

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In addition, the comments of the Russian Federal Penal Code 207. 1 and 207. 2 may still be accused in accordance with the distribution of incorrect socially important information (for example, the decline of the rubles, economic and standard failures).
In April 2022, the parliamentary member of the parliament would bring up most of the prosecutor's presidents to reply to the Russian Federation's separate legislative acts in order to retaliate to media that spread false information about the Russian Federation. I suggested.
Judging from the development of the law enforcement agency, the content on the Internet is slander, contrary to the national opinion. Expert dispute of the Federal Security Bureau in the Sverdrohsque region explains that there are four slanders:
Spatial} Sounds the trust of the entire army;

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Spatial} Drops the Russian Federal Army's trust as a local government;

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Cosmic} Sounds the trust of soldiers

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Unlike the Russian army symbols and attributes.

In addition, Duma has been revised by the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Code of responsibility for the request for implementation of acts against the national security. A fine 100, 000 rubles. The purpose of the Russian Federal Army's credit has been charged with calling the people to prevent the use of the Russian Federal Army.

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If the Federal Federation has spread the falsehood of the use of the army of the Russian Federation, it will be a 1 5-year ban if it brings serious results.

In addition, the comments of the Russian Federal Penal Code 207. 1 and 207. 2 may still be accused in accordance with the distribution of incorrect socially important information (for example, the decline of the rubles, economic and standard failures).

Censorship context

ROSKOMNADZOR shows the footsteps and the only information and data from the Russian official source in footsteps to cover the Russian Federation's battle operations in Ukraine. Roscom Nazool did not allow "special strategy" by attack, invasion, or war. By doing so, Russian official sources, for example, information that were not obtained from the Ministry of Protection would be fake. It is a trivial violation of the Russian Constitution that prohibits censorship and the provisions of the "global information funding" law.

In April 2022, the parliamentary member of the parliament would bring up most of the prosecutor's presidents to reply to the Russian Federation's separate legislative acts in order to retaliate to media that spread false information about the Russian Federation. I suggested.

In July, President Vladimir Putin said, "Foreigners," "Measures against Russian media overseas", "databases for extremist materials", and reversal of foreign companies that became a "hostage". I signed many laws.

Judging from the development of the law enforcement agency, the content on the Internet is slander, contrary to the national opinion. Expert dispute of the Federal Security Bureau in the Sverdrohsque region explains that there are four slanders:

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Censored topics, services and websites

Spatial} Sounds the trust of the entire army;

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Spatial} Drops the Russian Federal Army's trust as a local government;

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Cosmic} Sounds the trust of soldiers

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Unlike the Russian army symbols and attributes.

In addition, Duma has been revised by the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Code of responsibility for the request for implementation of acts against the national security. A fine of 100, 000 rubles. The purpose of the Russian Federal Army's credit has been charged with calling the people to prevent the use of the Russian Federal Army.

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If the Federal Federation has spread the falsehood of the use of the army of the Russian Federation, it will be a 1 5-year ban if it brings serious results.

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Spatial} Sounds the trust of the entire army;

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Spatial} Drops the Russian Federal Army's trust as a local government;

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Cosmic} Sounds the trust of soldiers

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Unlike the Russian army symbols and attributes.

In addition, Duma has been revised by the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Code of responsibility for the request for implementation of acts against the national security.

Military censorship

In 2022, "Freedom of the Network" counted 779 criminal lawsuits on network remarks (social networks and messages, reports, and status on instant messenger). According to the annual report of the Russian Internet freedom project, this is the maximum of 15 years of observation. The security forces caused at least 42 criminal cases over the facts of the military's "loss of credit", and six of them ended.

In addition, 187 criminal cases were filed in the "Fake News" article. This is because "fabrication" has no administrative liability (criminal only), so more than an article about "loss of credit."

In addition, 1889 administrative crimes were assumed. Distribution of extremist materials and banned organizations (including Alexe Navalney projects) and dissatisfaction with power.

The telecommunications carrier is responsible for passing the traffic to the TSPU. If the TSPU is refused, the telecommunications carrier threatens to impose up to 5 million rubles. ROSKOMNADZOR uses the TSPU as an "Internet" and blocks the site for political reasons without registering in the prohibited information registration. The law has introduced a fine for search engines that do not inform users of the violation of the Internet resources (the loss of credit, fake news, and the status of foreign intelligence agents) searched by users.

In August, the Digital Transformation has published a document that gives ROSKOMNADZOR the right to block the mirror site of a previously blocked site. The resolution comes into effect on March 1, 2023 and works for six years, but the media site mirror is stable as of February 2022.

Services

Following the adoption of the LGBT Propaganda Prohibition Law in December, information that promotes "no n-traditional" sexual relationships, pediatricity, and floor remodeling is prohibited on the Internet in the Russian Federation on the Internet in the government's decision by the government ROSKOMNADZOR. Added to the registration list of the information. In other words, from next year, such content locks will be further enhanced. Until now, the request of Rosmolo Digi has blocked individual sites and pages with lgb t-friendly content. In 2022, "Freedom of the Network" counted 779 criminal litigation cases on network remarks (social networks, messages, reports, and status on instant messenger). According to the annual report of the Russian Internet freedom project, this is the maximum of 15 years of observation. The security forces caused at least 42 criminal cases over the facts of the military's "loss of credit", and six of them ended.

In addition, 187 criminal cases were filed in the "Fake News" article. This is because "fabrication" has no administrative liability (criminal only), so more than an article about "loss of credit."

In addition, 1889 administrative crimes were assumed. Distribution of extremist materials and banned organizations (including Alexe Navalney projects) and dissatisfaction with power.

Media censorship

Following the adoption of the LGBT Propaganda Prohibition Law in December, information that promotes "no n-traditional" sexual relationship, pediatricity, and floor remodeling is prohibited on the Internet on the Internet on the Internet in the Russian Federation. Added to the registration list of the information. In other words, from next year, such content locks will be further enhanced. Until now, the request of Rosmolo Digi has blocked individual sites and pages with lgb t-friendly content. In 2022, "Freedom of the Network" counted 779 criminal lawsuits on network remarks (social networks and messages, reports, and status on instant messenger). According to the annual report of the Russian Internet freedom project, this is the maximum of 15 years of observation. The security forces caused at least 42 criminal cases over the facts of the military's "loss of credit", and six of them ended.

In addition, 187 criminal cases were filed in the "Fake News" article. This is because "fabrication" has no administrative liability (criminal only), so more than an article about "loss of credit."

In addition, 1889 administrative crimes were assumed. Distribution of extremist materials and banned organizations (including Alexe Navalney projects) and dissatisfaction with power.

On December 1, 2022, the "Law Concerning the Operators for those under foreign influence" will be enforced. At this point, foreign influence is the theoretical level, from public network users to philanthropists and businessmen.
In the latter half of 2022, the new law expanded the prosecutor's abilities from the perspective of supe r-regulations. Without a court's conclusion, the bureau had the right to limit access to materials, including justification and justifying the number of extremists in the number of terrorist activities.
In 2022, recorded number of locks was set. In 2022, more than 247. 492 URL addresses were added to the unregistered website of ROSKOMNADZOR. Almost all orders that block untrumed media and human rights organizations aim to censor notes and media materials covering Ukraine's behavior in 2022.
In November 2022, ROSKOMVOBODA pointed out that there were no registration records in the department, that is, there was no information about the person who wanted a website block. As a result, most of the anonymous resources include information that may be the possibility of losing or preserving the Russian behavior of the Russian army. Such motivation for access restriction is exactly the same as prosecutor's authorities.
Ukraine and international media website
Ant i-corruption survey and resources
At the same time, in February 2022, the prosecutor's conclusion was completely blocked a website for Navalney's websites for the FBK donation, the Simonyan Kosayan family, the Deputy Security Officer of the Sulzk, and the Vladimir Solobiev. Later, in March, we posted information on the reaction of the people that caused these surveys by reprinting the surveys of Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medovegeff, its spouse, Vladimir Yakunin, and Vladimir Soloviev. The URL has been added to the registration.
One of the first echo locks in 2022 was access to Tunnelbear services. The conclusion of Tunnelbear blocks was adopted in 2017 in DyurtyUlinsky's DyurtyUlinsky in the Republic of Bassicolt Stan. It has been registered since 2018, but accessed through GhostBea r-option (compiling encrypted data similar to normal Internet data) was just closed in January 2022. In June, the Russian Federation of residents began talking about the failure of Protonvpn and NordVPN work. Apart from this, by the end of 2022, the future list of VPN: Betternet, LANTERN, X-VPN, CloudFlare WPN, Privatetunnel, Vyprvpn, Opera VPN, HOLA! VPN, ExpressVPN, KeepSold VPN Unlimited, Speedify VPN, IPvanish VPN, etc.
The website of Saverudata. info and Italmy. com. ua had a base in which data from Russian services, such as Yandex. de, Delivery Club, Wildberries, SDEK, and beeline, integrated data from Russian services. However, the URL address was registered on March 23, during which access was limited.
The BBC Russian broadcast podcast "What it was" has been deleted from Yandex. music. According to Roskomnadzor's April 2022 claim, the music depends on the prosecution's conclusion. Previously, the BBC website and Russian BBC services were blocked by the Russian Federation for interviewing a special operation. In October, Yandex. Muzika deleted a certain number of podcasts based on the ROSKOMNADZOR claim. Meduza's podcast "What Happened", "Text of the Week", "Signal", Radio Liberty's podcast "Quotes of Liberty".
The site of the famous computer game "S. T. A. L. K. E. R. 2: Chernobyl Heart" was blocked in April 2022. The Public Prosecutor's Office discovered a game developer among fans and subscribers, and talked about the accusations, for example, about the "Military Strategy" mentioned on the website. In April 2022, Chess. com, one of the most famous chess websites, was added to the registration. Prosecutors' concerns have confided two notes: one is about the political diagrams of the Russian army's website, and the other is the event that happened to Ukraine chess players and them.
On June 3, 2022, German cloud and postal service were blocked. This was registered by the prosecutor's claim, and in effect, the agency discovered the services and publications of extreme, global larg e-scale riot, or "collapsing the trust of the Russian army". Is. Swiss safe email service SwissCows. email has also been blocked. Like the other cases where the postal service blocked, the beginning was a prosecutor, and apparently there was a report of inappropriate extraction sent through this service.
On June 4, 2022, Forklog, one of the most famous media about cryptocurrencies, was registered in the Prosecutor's Government's registration, calling readers to invade Ukraine. In August, the Salatov Court changed the arrangement of the local prosecutor's office, which explains how to turn cryptocurrencies into a ruble.
The religious LGB T-specific website, "Nuntiare et Recrea" and the Russian LGBT situation, were blocked in July 2022. These were incorporated into the registration of the unauthorized website by the Rosmolo Digi claim. Later, the law on the ban on LGBT-PROPAGANDA was adopted, and the information in this category was connected to the illegal distribution list, so more web cards related to LGBTK+were registered, resulting in being blocked by the Russian Federation. Is expected.
In the two courts of St. Petersburg and Saratov, 15 URL addresses of anime (Attack Giant, Dantes Inferno), which were blocked in January 2022, were registered. Later, the Currying Trading Inmate Court registered 13 URL addresses that provide access to anime (Downtes Inferno, Cat Paradise). Anime and manga that have already been blocked in recent years have been registered: Happy Tree Friends, Demon King Daima King, Healer again. Saiyuki Reload Anime: After the 170 URL address of Zeroin was added to the registration, he was appealed by the octopus (Russian streaming platform).
Earlier this year, a website containing the phonograms of "PINK 2" in Russian rapper, Morgensteln and words, and at the same time, this song, with all streaming platforms (UK, Yandex, Spotify, Apple Music). YouTube) was set up. Previously, the release of the song was fined 100, 000 rubles. In January 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications released four websites registered with a certain song, and then added twice to the list on a certain URL. In some cases, the entire website was blocked because the lock was implemented according to HTTPS.
Currently, more than 10, 000 websites are blocked because they seem to be distributing the "Russian Federal Corporation" or "military boxes". The conclusions on most of the access restrictions to most of them were observed by the Russian Federal Inspector, but with the conclusions of the District Court, the number of conclusions adopted at the local level increased every month.

The decision of the prosecutor's office for blocking has been distributed in this extent that it is possible to limit access to the web and the like without going to the court, according to the prosecutor's conclusion. For example, since the beginning of the war, the District Public Prosecutor's Special Investigation Division has blocked over 6, 000 websites and URL addresses. This was one of the first and most global conclusions of the Public Prosecutor's Office for the number of resources described in the illegal information registration book. Earlier this year, a website containing the phonograms of "PINK 2" in Russian rapper, Morgensteln and words, and at the same time this song (UK, YANDEX, Spotify, Apple, Apple, this song. The flag was set up from MUSIC) and YouTube). Previously, the release of the song was fined 100, 000 rubles. In January 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications released four websites registered with a certain song, and then added twice to the list on a certain URL. In some cases, the entire website was blocked because the lock was implemented according to HTTPS.

Later, the music platform Bandcamp was blocked by posting a song "ARM!" Anarchist punk group "BRIGADIER". Previously, this song was registered as an extremist. In this list, one more song of Rosmolo Digi added, "Columbine" and "Glory to CPSU" of the rapper "Zamai" have been added. According to the Class Noyalsk Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office, the punk group "Nostradamus Orgas" was also included in the registration of extremist materials as a slogan for the young generation.

Currently, more than 10, 000 websites are blocked because they seem to be distributing the "Russian Federal Corporation" or "military boxes". The conclusions on most of the access restrictions to most of them were observed by the Russian Federal Inspector, but with the conclusions of the District Court, the number of conclusions adopted at the local level increased every month.

The decision of the prosecutor's office for blocking has been distributed in this extent that it is possible to limit access to the web and the like without going to the court, according to the prosecutor's conclusion. For example, since the beginning of the war, the District Public Prosecutor's Special Investigation Division has blocked over 6, 000 websites and URL addresses. This was one of the first and most global conclusions of the Public Prosecutor's Office for the number of resources described in the illegal information registration book. Earlier this year, a website containing the phonograms of "PINK 2" in Russian rapper, Morgensteln and words, and at the same time, this song, with all streaming platforms (UK, Yandex, Spotify, Apple Music). YouTube) was set up. Previously, the release of the song was fined 100, 000 rubles. In January 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications released four websites registered with a certain song, and then added twice to the list on a certain URL. In some cases, the entire website was blocked because the lock was implemented according to HTTPS.

Conclusion 31-27-2020 / Id2145-22 was adopted immediately after the penetration began and when the military inspection method was not yet established. As part of this conclusion, the URL seems to have been added to the registration. However, according to the conclusion of the "Unknown City Council", the date, the huge block, and the image of the blocked resource are the same as the prosecutor's block, so it cannot be acknowledged with 100 % certainty. Conclusion 31-27-2020 / ID2145-22.

For example, in the case of access restrictions to CloudFront, there seems to be only two organizers: "Local government unknown" (until November 2022) is the General Affairs Bureau. Since November, authorities are satisfied with hiding other details from the people.

It is not easy to systematize military censorship of the Russian Federation. Currently registered are websites of social organizations, national government portal sites, which are regarded as "no n-friendly", major media websites, online movie theaters, and illegal content websites. Unfortunately, for some websites owners, blocking can only be the beginning of a series of events. For example, it is not uncommon for censorship media supporters to receive criminal prosecution or administrative prosecution.

Methods

Patreon, Grammarly, and SoundCloud were blocked on suspicion of spreading fake news. The media aggregator True Story was abandoned by the former creator of Yandex. The media aggregator True Story, abandoned by the NEWS's former creator, was blocked a few days after its launch. "Support service" was also blocked. It was a service developed in May 2022 to support people affected by the behavior of Russian authorities.

The Public Prosecutor's Office has blocked Instagram, a leader in the Russian Federation, in the number of creators (as of 2021, nearly 40 million users). The blocking is implemented using a "mask", which means that it essentially restricts access to all domains and subdomains in public networks. There is only one registered Instagram IP address, but ROSKOMNADZOR may continue to add other service sources to personal registration.

The Public Prosecutor's Office is outside the court, and in Instagram's Instagram has an information material calling for violence related to the Russian Federation, and the number of military and personnel has been distributed on Instagram, so in the Russian federal land. He urgently requested Roscom Nazol to limit access to Instagram.

In its own press release, ROSKOMNADZOR still mentioned the approval of Meta Platform Co., Ltd. The number of soldiers is about the withdrawal of the public network for violence against the Russian Federation and the number of residents in the number of information status. After that, the Public Prosecutor's Office accepts a "meta" with an extremist organization and filters a lawsuit claiming that it will prohibit its activities in the state of the state, and at the same time, Roskomnadzor must block access to Instagram. However, official companies have revealed that violence to civilian is prohibited, and domestic authorities have decided to limit their access to some of the services.

Media censorship later became more global on February 24, 2022. Since March 4, 2022, 10 media-resources have been blocked in the Roscom Nazol's claims, and since April 2022, the Russian Federal media has not ended in search results of Russian search engines. : YANDEX, Mail. Ru and Rambler. YANDEX explains that all the links in the registration of a website that are not approved by Roskomnadzor have been deleted from search results.
"The link disappears from the search results of Yandx is when Roskomnadzor is registered as a registration of an illegal website. According to the Russian Federation law, the search engine is registered by Roskomnadzor and its websites and its websites. The link to the mirror must be deleted.
After Russia's invasion of Ukraine started R, there was one of the first organizations facing censorship:
DOXA (local independent media);

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BBC;

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Voice of America

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TJ (blog platform);

Acknowledgement of limitations

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Findings

Blocked websites

Echo kavasaka (local independent media);

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Republic (local independent media);

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7x7. Horizontal Russia (local independent media);

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Taiga information (local independent media);

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Village (local independent media);

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"Ribbon" (local independent media) repeatedly censored until February 24.

This is far from the complete list of restricted sites.

Notable changes in blocking over time

Blocking of Human Rights Watch

In early March last year, Russia's two major media Echo of Moscow and Rain were blocked. As a result, the radio station "EKHO MOSKVY" reported that Google was connected by a prosecutor's hostile in Ukraine and that "Rain" is connected to the gas promia, and Google access to the EU resident's YouTube channel. At the same time, we faced the censorship from the two aspects, which is restricted.

In July last year, Rain obtained permission to continue broadcasting from Riga, but moved the broadcast to the Netherlands after recovering Latvian media license. Echo of Moscow, which opened on August 22, 1990, stopped broadcasting at the decision of Alexei Venedik.

Image: Russia n-censored news media logo.

In 2023, Meduza (blocked in the spring of 2022) was recognized as the Public Prosecutor's Office. Director officials considered these media as "threatening the Russian Constitutional system and the basic principles of safety."

In addition, the "unknown institution" has consistently blocked the "new gazeta" and the material. The media has found a report from the Samala region where the Russian dead from Makefka was buried. New Gazeta is one of the oldest independent media in Russia established in 1993.

The website of the Russian Federation Helsinki Group, one of the leading human rights organizations, was blocked. Roskomnadzor explained to Interfax, "because illegal content and materials that degrade the Russian Federal Army have been repeatedly published." Not long ago, a website of Dormitory Iwanov (blogger Kamikaze DI) and Chubash activist Alexander Lunakov were registered.

The blockage of the media website and its mirror site drastically reduced the popularity of all absurd media. Various media responded to traffic loss in every way. One media launched a personal VPN, distributed users for free (BUMAGA, DOXA, Mullvad), and other media stopped using websites and focused on public networks (Instagram, Telegram).

But all of these conclusions have not changed, and almost all media continue to fight for access to their own readers. It is impossible to pay no n-Russian offers with the support of the Russian payment system because of the tacit penalty, and as a result, the reader has no chance to sacrifice funds in the international bank account, and through VPN. If you enter a donation donation, you will not be able to sacrifice the Russian ban k-Domestic banks will regard this as an international translation and will not accept manners. At the same time, for some media that has already been marked as a foreign agent and has the potential to freeze the "incredible" or "extremist" organization like Meduza cases, money with domestic organizations or individuals The existence of a relationship actually becomes the "supporter" of an extremist organization and the risk of criminal liability.

On the other hand, some media are not paying attention to the fact that they have actually focused on their own efforts on the benefits of services (social networks), all of which are issues on using Instagram and telegram. I encountere d-it was not actually blocked, including not paying attention to them. Robot's attack was a reasonable fighting appearance, and in many cases it was blocked to report on media-accounts. In these cases, the media began to contact the service help and confirmed the fact that they did not take the platform politicians, but they have the ability to stop several weeks to unlock the account. As a result, the organization lost traffic and subscriber.

Blocking of Amnesty International

Since 2012, Oii has been developing a private gifts software, designed to measure all kinds of Internet censorship, titled "Oi Prove". The OONI Probe is launched monthly by about 160 states, and the survey results are mechanically published by Ooni in the form of data disclosed in real time. Over the past decade, more than 1 billion network measurements have been collected from 241 states and 25, 000 grids in the country.

In particular, the Russian Federation's Oni Prove users regularly perform larg e-scale measurements. In recent years, more than 200 million measurements have been performed from more than 2. 600 local grids in the Russian Federation. In fact, in all nations, the Russian Federation accounts for the second spacing (only after the United States) in the world's oni measurement. The Russian Federation sends new measurement data that is not published in real time every day. We are based on a study provided by the Russian Federation last year (from January 2022 to February 2023) collected by measurement data collected.

The main research topics, which are located in the database of the report provided, actually changed the Russian landscape of Internet censorship to the beginning of the case in Ukraine last year and February 24, 2022.

In particular, we want to solve the main issues on the right:

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Was the fresh lure that appeared later in the Russian Federation on February 24, 2022? Has the service canceled?

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Space｝ Did other fresh lures appear in the Russian Federation since the previous report (announced in early 2022)? In that case, which service did you affect?

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Space} Is the Russian Federation Internet censorship still diversified?

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Space｝ How did the rock observed by the Great Demon Information correlated with the Russian Federation's official resolution on blocking?

Blocking of Moscow Helsinki Group

Based on the abov e-mentioned questions, we have tested only for the absolutely blocked services so long ago, and we have already spaced many other lon g-term rock data. Is excluded (for example, lon g-term block of LGBTS STI).

To explore the questions above, we analyzed the OONI Web Connectivity data collected in Russia between January 2022 and February 2023. Specifically, we analyzed the measured values of the OONI web connectivity test designed to measure the website blocking (these websites have been released on the GitHub repository Citizen Labent Marklist). This test is a website by trying DNS lookup, TCP/IP connection, and HTTP GET request from two viewpoints (1) local viewpoints of users and (2) control networks (no n-censored networks). Measure the accessibility of. The results obtained by both networks are automatically compared, and if they match, the tested URL will be annotated as "available" (when testing from a benchmark perspective succeeds). If the results are different, the tested URL will be blamed as "deviating" and shows the possibility of blocking.

Depending on the cause of the abnormality, the unusual reading value is automatically added as a DNS abnormality, a TCP/IP abnormality, an HTTP difference, or an HTTP error. For example, if an IP address different from the IP address determined from the checkpoint is detected as a result of the DNS query, the reading value is noted as "DNS deviation".

However, there is a possibility of false positive. Therefore, in order to determine whether the URL to be tested is a consistent source of many unusual reading on the network to be tested (compared to normal reading), we will look at unusual reading as a whole. Masu. If there are many abnormalities in the test URL, it may be a stronger signal that indicates the possibility of blocking. If the type of abnormality is consistent (for example, the test network always has a DNS abnormality), this is a stronger signal indicating the possibility of censorship (this is a specific censor like DNS highjack. Because I use technology). However, not only collects abnormal measurements, but also analyzes raw data related to abnormal measurements and identifies specific errors generated during the test. This gains insights on how to block the tested URL. To explore the above questions, we analyzed OONI Web Connection data collected in Russia between January 2022 and 2023. Specifically, we analyzed the measured values of the OONI web connectivity test designed to measure the website blocking (these websites have been released on the GitHub repository Citizen Labent Marklist). This test is a website by trying DNS lookup, TCP/IP connection, and HTTP GET request from two viewpoints (1) local viewpoints of users and (2) control networks (no n-censored networks). Measure the accessibility of. The results obtained by both networks are automatically compared, and if they match, the tested URL will be annotated as "available" (when testing from a benchmark perspective succeeds). If the results are different, the tested URL will be blamed as "deviating" and shows the possibility of blocking.

However, there is a possibility of false positive. Therefore, in order to determine whether the URL to be tested is a consistent source of many unusual reading on the network to be tested (compared to normal reading), we will look at unusual reading as a whole. Masu. If there are many abnormalities in the test URL, it may be a stronger signal that indicates the possibility of blocking. If the type of abnormality is consistent (for example, the test network always has a DNS abnormality), this is a stronger signal indicating the possibility of censorship (this is a specific censor like DNS highjack. Because I use technology). However, not only collects abnormal measurements, but also analyzes raw data related to abnormal measurements and identifies specific errors generated during the test. This gains insights on how to block the tested URL. To explore the questions above, we analyzed the OONI Web Connectivity data collected in Russia between January 2022 and February 2023. Specifically, we analyzed the measured values of the OONI web connectivity test designed to measure the website blocking (these websites have been released on the GitHub repository Citizen Labent Marklist). This test is a website by trying DNS lookup, TCP/IP connection, and HTTP GET request from two viewpoints (1) local viewpoints of users and (2) control networks (no n-censored networks). Measure the accessibility of. The results obtained by both networks are automatically compared, and if they match, the tested URL will be annotated as "available" (when testing from a benchmark perspective succeeds). If the results are different, the tested URL will be blamed as "deviating" and shows the possibility of blocking.

Blocking of Agentura.Ru

Based on the current Hulistics, when the lock page is provided, the lock on the website is mechanically approved, and the trace of the rock page finger is added to the database. The blocking of sites based on DNS answers, including iPhik, is still mechanically approved, apart from the implementation of Internet censorship. Regarding other forms of censorship, we collect, analyze OON I-data to modify unusual characteristics, and those abnormalities in detecting a highly possible blocking help case. It can be done, it is actually done.

In addition to analyzing all OON I-web connections purchased in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to February 2023, we have added it to the official Russian block list last year We compared our data with our data blocked by the URL. The purpose of this analysis is to see if there is a website blocked by Russian lock registration. RoskomSvoboda gives a list of search probability in consideration of the official registry of ROSKOMNADZOR about the search for domains (and absolute lists) by incorrectly 1 potentially blocked domain. We support the official registry mirror. As part of the provided analysis, we compared Ooni data (for last year) on the blocked website.

OONI data has a block symptom and has detected a carpet of a URL address that has not been integrated into the official Russian rock registry. Manual detection of all traces of the finger that responded to the measurement (provider's fingerprint and status block page) was manually detected, and a certain amount of fresh prints added to the database was revealed.

In order to complement the results of OONI and further deepen research on the Internet censorship of the Russian Federation, we have also jointly conducted legal tests and Cabinet surveys (as a result, the previous segments of the provided report. It is introduced).

There are some restrictions on the results of the research studied research:

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Spectrum of analysis data. The results of this study were restricted by the OONI Web Connectivity collected in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to February 2023. Thus, the results of the measurement for other periods are excluded from the provided survey.

Blocking of The Bell news media website

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Image of measurement The result of this research is limited to the measurement of "Ono-Web Connection" related to checking the censorship site. Therefore, the results of other O i-probe s-experiments have been excluded from the provided survey.

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Tested website. However, the Russian Federation Oon i-prob e-users regularly gives a large measurement size, the test is limited to the URL address included in the two test lists Citizen Lab: Mas s-List (Related to the international topics) Including the URL to do) and the Russian list (including the attitude of having the URL). These lists are usually tested by OON I-SOND E-users and are usually limited to about 1. 000 URLs due to restrictions on bandwidth. As a result, almost all other websites blocked by the Russian Federation are not included in the list, and the results of the survey are limited to the URL checks in these lists. Check the poisoning of the URL added to the list, taking into account the fact that the list is supervised by the Association.

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Site coverage test. Not all URLs included in the test list are measured in the Russian Federation for a long time. The existence of OON I-Data on the given website depends on which network, when and when, by the Russian Federation Oon i-prob e-user. As a result, the tested website was actually affected the results, following a different test coverage over all the analyzed periods.

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Verification ASN. However, the OON I-PROBE test is regularly implemented in different ASNs in the Russian Federation, and not all networks are tested in the same way. The speed of measurement availability depends on how OON I-PROB E-user was connected to the survey during the survey. As a result, the measurement range in different ASNs actually affects the results during the analysis period.

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Blocking of Ukrainian news media website

From the rock registers connected to the rock traces Roskomvobod, we have a mechanical possibility to modify and compare the domain and the number of domains blocked in phases from January 2022 to February 2023. Prove our tests to praise our tests from the measurement perspective. Apart from this, we believed that we were more reliable and restricted our tests with the traces of fingers talking about censorship implemented under the government's conclusions. As a result, if censorship is provided with other censorship methods, I can not distinguish if all of these cases are seeking a special analysis to determine rock decisions and characteristics. They excluded almost all other cases. At least, some of these cases (and a c o-formal analysis) are introduced in the "remarkable configuration of locking over time" section.

Overall, our OONI WEB CONNECTITITY MEASING TEST, which was collected in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to February 2023, was set up a wide range of Internet censorship in the country. Was shown effectively.

Oon i-Prob e-users have conducted the URL test included in the test list of the citizen lab, where each URL is displayed based on one of the 30 types of regular categories. We used the category classification shown in each URL recognized as widely blocked. The blocked websites are illegal content (gambling, alcohol, drugs, etc.), file sharing services, LGBTIC websites, human rights websites, websites that express political criticism (opposition website Alexei Navalny, etc.) It covers the website, literally belongs to all categories (28 out of 30), all of which are almost all different.

The figure on the right includes a 2 8-category website that was blocked by the Russian Federation based on last year's OONI data analysis.

Figure: The categories and numbers of domains blocked by the Russian Federation during the period from January 1, 2022 to February 15, 2023 (Source: OONI data).

The most blocked news media website (13 9-blocked domain) was related to the news media website (139 blocked domains) locked immediately after the start of the case in Ukraine last year. It is worth noting. The latest Oni data from the Russian Federation indicates that these media blocks continue. The next many news media are blocked by files and diversion tool websites (domains of 46 and 43 in each category), and a lot of gambling, public networks, human rights, LGBTIC and many political websites. It is web care. These locks seem to last.

However, these results are fundamentally different from the type of URL contained in the test list, for example, how each URL was actively tested throughout the total analysis period. The result is based on the URL address included in the Citizen Lab test list created by the Association, and claims that such a URL is actually added to the list. Apart from this, these URLs were not the same measurement toward the entire test period, but were not tested between the ASN of the Russian Federation. This is true that news media websites are more frequently blocked, but the news media websites are actually blocked more frequently than other Russian category websites. Is not a mandatory.

Blocking of Instagram

Looking at which category site has reported more in last year, the poisoning conclusions will be even more trivial. From the figure on the right, it can be seen that the news media website has been tested most in the stage from January 2022 to January 2023.

Figure: Website test oon-probe category (based on the URL contained in Citizen Lab's test list) in the Russian Federation in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to January 2023 (During the analysis period) At least experienced, at least not experienced, at least not experienced, at least a 1000 categories of 1000 categories).

In addition, our data on the total number of domains blocked in the Russian Federation last year is worth the emphasis that the options that can be mechanically proven based on fingerprints indicating national censorship. Thus, we do not provide many other cases of blocking that were perfect with the support of all kinds of technology. Each of these cases requires a special analysis to essentially determine the lock details (while the clear certificate of these cases of blocking leads to an incorrect work. It is not easy to scaled for a thousand in real time, as it is considered to be a perfectly documented task before the fact that there are many possibilities.

As we have approved, we lay out all 494 domains and CSVs blocked in the Russian Federation in the OONI database. We submit the appropriate block list of URLs in CSV. Both CSVs include reference to the appropriate Ooni metrics in each/URL domain, and initial data (indicating locks) can be used.

The precedent was that in the Russian Federation, in the Russian Federation last year (in the backdrop of the Ukrainian case), many of the news media, politics and human rights websites were blocked, causing excitement. Rather, the fact that we noticed all the types of 28 categories of the blocked website is the fact that the degree of Internet censorship in the Russian Federation is universal. Like many other countries that are not limited by different categories of illegal content).

Appropriate segments have some examples of visible changes in the Russian Federation last year.

Potential blocking of YouTube

On April 17, 2022, Human Rights Watch (HRW) was added to the Russian Federal Rock registration. During this time, the authorities are https: // www. HRW. Org/Ru/NEWS/2022/03/18/38136 3-HRW posted by HRW in early March 2022, a comment specializing in bombarding Ukrainian humanitarian corridors.

The blocking was perfect for the HTTPS version of the HRW website (that is, all pages of the site were blocked), and the domestic authorities in June and September 2022 were in June 2022. We made two more decisions for blocking for November letters.

Data collected in the Russian Federation has acknowledged the blocking of the HRW website (www. Hrw. org), indicating that the blocking actually began on April 17, 2022.

Figure: A test of OONI Prove www. HRW. ORG (Source: OONI Data) held in the Russian Federation of 411 ASN from January 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023.

The above figure shows the coverage of the OONI probe in the WWW. Hrw. Org test on the 411 ASN of the Russian Federation between January 1, 2022 and February 20, 2023. As you can see, www. Hrw. Org can be used in the Russian Federation's tested network and started submitting abnormalities on April 17, 2022.

It indicates that most of the Russian Federation is locking in the test grid. The figure on the right indicates ASN and estimates the size of the deviation of the entire test phase (1. 200 or more).

Figure: ASN (ASN (exceeding 1. 200 abnormalities) when testing the Russian federal www. Source: OONI data).

Based on the fingerprint, we can mechanically prove the Russian Federation's right ASN WWW. Hrw. Org lock.

Figure: ASN (Source: OONI Data), which is mechanically confirmed based on fingerprints from January 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023, from the Russian Federation block www. Hrw. Org.

Blocking of SoundCloud

On January 27, 2023, the Amnesty International website ( *. Amnesty. Org) was added to Russia's rock registration. This has been confirmed by OONI data, indicating that on January 27, 2023, domestic ISP has begun to block access to website www. amnesty. org.

Figure 2022 From January 1, 1, 2023, the Russian Federation of 373 ASN (Source: Oni Data) -Be Site Amnesty International (WWW. Amnesty (WWW. Amnesty) Org).

As you can see from January 1, 2022 to February 21, 2023, the Russian Federation's 373 ASN, www. Amnesty. org has long tested Network of the Russian Federation. It was available, but the blocking symptoms began to appear on January 27, 2023, which is actually consistent with the release date shown in the Rosmonor registry.

OON I-Data indicates that this rock is implemented in most tested networks in the Russian Federation. The figure on the right shows ASN where the most abnormal (50 or more) was confirmed at the test stage.

Figure: When testing www. Amnesty. org in a phase from January 1, 2022 to February 21, 2023, the size of the abnormality was larger (50 or more) ASN of the Russian Federation (Source: OONI Data )

However, this is not the first time in the Russian Federation of Amnesty International's domain.

Blocking of Patreon

July 21, 2021 www. Amnesty. Org. Ru was added to Russia's block registration (Russian Federal Tax Bureau),*EURASIA. Amnesty. Or g-March 10, 2022.

The data and blocking of Eurasia. amnesty. org are confirmed by OONI data as follows.

Figure: From January 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023, Ooni Probe Test WebSait Eurasia.

Unfortunately, www. Amnesty. Org. Ru did not reach the URL address ("test list in Russia") measured by the Russian federal Oon i-prob e-users, and was added on February 20, 2023. It was just. Thus, Ooni data on www. Amnesty. Org. Ru tests can only be used after February 20, 2023, and is similarly recognized as an example of blocking.

Figure: Figure: Ooni Prob e-Testing Website Amnesty.

Temporary unblocking of the Tor Project’s website

Following these closures, the capital of Amnesty International was closed in April 2022, and other international NGO offices were closed (the number of Human Rights Watch).

The Russian Federation district human rights organization was also censored.

On February 6, 2023, a website of the Helsinki Group (*. mhg. ru) was published in the blocking ROSKOMNADZOR registration. The Helsinki Group, which was founded in 1976 (to monitor the Helsinki agreement on the Russian side and monitor the report of human rights infringement in the Soviet Union), was a to p-class human rights organization in Russia. In December 2022, the Russian Federal Justice has submitted the organizational approval to the court.

OON I-Data collected in the Russian Federation acknowledges that website will block the website www. mhg. ru from February 6, 2023.

Figure: The video test of www. mhg. ru (Source: OONI Data) was conducted in 169 ASN of the Russian Federation from September 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023.

The above figure shows the OONI measurement coating acquired during the WWW. MHG. RU test of the Russian Federation 169 ASN from September 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023. Masu. As you can see, www. Mhg. Ru was available on the Russian Federation's tested network, and it was only on February 7, 2023 that began to shown the symptoms of blocking.

According to OONI data, the rock was performed in many tested networks in the Russian Federation. The figure on the right shows the ASN that detected the most abnormalities (30 or more) when testing WWW. Mhg. 。

Other cases of unblocking

Figure: Russian Federation ASN, which is estimated to have more abnormal numbers (30 or more) when testing www. mhg. ru in phases from January 22, 2023 to February 21, 2023. (Source: OONI data).

Agentura. ru is an information portal site established by domestic researchers in 2000. On March 13, 2022, a website of Agentura. ru ( *. Agentura. Ru) was included in the Russian blocker registration. On March 18, 2022, an institution (prosecutor) made another resolution on blocking, and a website IPv6 address was added. On January 27, 2023, another organization (Gorosan Necazani) made a third blocking resolution, but access to the website had already been blocked.

Oon i-Data, collected by the Russian Federation, recognizes the precedent of the website's www. agentura. ru website, and the blocking actually started on March 13, 2022 and is still ongoing. It indicates that there is.

Figure 2022 The test of Oon i-probe www. Agentura.

Blocks that are inconsistent with Russia’s official blocklist

The figure above includes the test www. Agentura. ru's Ooni measurement result conducted in 380 ASN of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023. If the website is available earlier in the tested network (although the first wave of the abnormality was observed in early 2022), in fact, in the Russian Federation from March 13, 2022. The most tested net has a blocking and matches the closing date shown in the ROSKOMNADZOR register.

Based on the fingerprint, we can mechanically prove the lock on different networks of the Russian Federation www. agentura. The figure on the right shows the ASNs in which the most measurements (more than 200) approved the lock in the test phase.

Figure: ASNs of the Russian Federation in which the most measurements (more than 200) approved the blocking of www. agentura. ru in the phase from January 1, 2022 to February 20, 2023 (source: Oon i-data).

In fact, we see that on March 13, 2022, the measured lock on all grids of the Russian Federation was almost perfect. In many of these cases, we can mechanically prove that the lock www. agentura. ru was placed on the IP 188. 186. 154. 88, or the blocking page was served via a colorless page-proxy, due to the fact that the DNS permissions returned a blocking page (e. g., Iphik (188. 186. 154. 88), where the blocking page was placed (e. g., such as the following), or the blocking page was served via a colorless page-proxy.

Image: Block page placed on the IP 188. 186. 154. 88, returned as part of the DNS permissions for www. agentura. ru (Source: oni data).

17 February 2023 The Bell News Media website was added to the Russian block list. The block was also announced on the lock, which stated that the reasons for blocking their website were not stated.

2017 Founded in 2000, Bell was the last autonomous news site to be blocked in the Russian Federation, followed by a number of other independent news sites over the last year. Citing threats to its own correspondents, Bell allegedly did not stop the events in Ukraine last year, but continued to publish materials about the impact of the events on the domestic economy. Both the media itself and its founders were considered "foreign agents" and became the subject of increasing interest from Russian authorities.

Diagram Ooni Probe Test the Bell (Thebell. io) on 97 ASN in the Russian Federation Test of Bell (Thebell. io) in the Russian Federation in the phase from January 20, 2023 to February 20, 2023 (source: Oon i-data).

The diagram above shows the results of the testing of Thebell (Thebell. io) in the Russian Federation in the phase from January 20, 2023 to February 20, 2023. It shows the results of OONI measurements when testing Thebell. io on 97 ASNs of the Russian Federation for the period up to February 20. Throughout the entire period, Thebell. io tests were successful on most networks tested, with an increase in the number of anomalies observed only after February 17, 2023. Breaking down the measurements for each network, it can be seen that these anomalies occur in different networks, with ASN-networks showing a larger magnitude of anomalies, as shown in the figure on the right.

Chart ASN (Source: OONI Data) showed the most abnormalities in the Bell. io's OONI probe test in Russia from January 20, 2023 to February 20, 2023.

The fact that THEBELL. IO has been available in Russia for some time, and has begun to show abnormalities on many tested networks on February 17, 2023 (the day when theBell. io was added to the Russian slot registration). It is a powerful stop signal.

The following figure shows a specific obstacle observed in the tested ASN, suggesting that different ISPs in Russia use different censorship methods to block access to Thebell. io. 。

Conclusion

Figure: A drug observed in THEBELL. IO in a different Russian ASN from February 17, 2022 to February 21, 2023 (Source: OONI data).

A few weeks before the Ukrainian conflict began, Russia has already blocked access to Ukrainian news sites (Hromadske. ua).

As of February 7, 2022, OON I-Data indicates Russia's Hromadsk e-Lock.

Figure 2022 From January 1, 1, 2023, the OONI Probe Hromadske Testing (HROMADSKE.

The above figure shows the OONI measurement results obtained from January 1, 2022 to February 18, 2023 when testing the Hromadske. ua site at 402 ASN in Russia. Previously, the Hromadske. ua site was available on all tested networks, but it can be seen that many abnormalities began to be displayed on February 7, 2022, two weeks before the Ukrainian dispute. These abnormalities are still continuing (in this case, most tested networks have abnormalities in most measurements), which is a strong signal for blocking.

Analyzing abnormal data can be seen that Russian ISP blocks access to HROMADSKE using various censorship methods. The following figure shows a specific error observed in the tested ASN, and various Russian providers have blocked access to Hromadske. ua's website using various censorship methods. It suggests.

Acknowledgements

Figure: The dimensions observed (Source: OONI Data) observed during the Hromadske. ua test from February 7, 2022 to February 18, 2023 in a different ASN in Russia.

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

throughout the conflict, as the Russian Federation diverted Internet traffic from parts of Ukraine Internet censorship, during the. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. New OONI Explorer features for investigating censorship through. The Wikipedia article Freedom of the Press in Ukraine has been expanded and updated with information on censorship and self-censorship.

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