Changes in Gambling Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Web Survey Study in Sweden

The Covid-19 pandemic has upended their daily lives, and politicians have expressed concerns about possible changes in gambling models during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine whether self-reported gambling has increased during the pandemic and to study potential correlates of such changes. During the course of this study in Sweden, self-reported data were collected from participants of a 2016 web query in the overall population (51% of men and 9% of medium-risk/problem players). Correlations between increased gambling and increased gambling in relation to the abolition of sports games due to COVID-19 were precisely calculated. 4% of people reported an overall increase in gambling during the pandemic. The proportion of people reporting an increase was significantly higher for online casinos (0, 62), online horses (0, 76), and online lotteries (0, 73) and lower for sports betting (0, 11) compared to those reporting a decrease. Overall, increases in gambling were independently associated with increases in gambling problems and alcohol consumption. In subgroups in which increases in certain types of gambling were observed following the abolition of sports betting, the frequency of gambling problems was higher. Conclusion The ongoing Covid-19 crisis has had a wide and deep impact on the lives of people around the world, and in addition to the physical damage caused by the pandemic, it is believed to have a significant impact on people's mental health [1. 2]. Among the potential effects of the pandemic and its impact on daily life, assumptions have been expressed about the possible amplification of addictive behaviors [3]; this may include, for example, the risk of increasing the number of problematic online games [4]. The Covid-19 pandemic has upended their daily lives, and politicians have expressed concerns about possible changes in gambling models during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to find out whether self-reports of gambling have increased during the pandemic and to study potential correlates of such changes. In the course of this study in Sweden, self-report data were collected from participants of a 2016 web query in the entire population (51% of men and 9% of medium-risk/problem players). The correlation between the increase in gambling and the increase in gambling in relation to the cessation of sports games due to COVID-19 was precisely calculated. 4% of people reported an overall increase in gambling during the pandemic. The proportion of people who reported an increase was significantly higher for online casinos (0, 62), online horses (0, 76), and online lotteries (0, 73), and lower for sports betting (0, 11), compared to those who reported a decrease. Overall, increases in gambling were independently associated with increases in gambling problems and alcohol consumption. The frequency of gambling problems was higher in subgroups in which increases in certain types of gambling were observed following the elimination of sports betting. In conclusion, the ongoing Covid-19 crisis has had a wide and deep impact on people's lives around the world and, in addition to the physical damage caused by the pandemic, is thought to have a significant impact on people's mental health [1. 2]. Among the potential effects of the pandemic and its impact on daily life, assumptions have been expressed about the possible amplification of addictive behaviors [3]; this may include, for example, the risk of increasing the number of problematic online games [4]. The Covid-19 pandemic has upended their daily lives and politicians have expressed concerns about possible changes in gambling models during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine whether self-reported gambling has increased during the pandemic and to study potential correlates of such changes. During the course of this study in Sweden, self-reported data were collected from participants of a web query in 2016, in the overall population (51% of men and 9% of medium-risk/problem players). Correlations between increased gambling and increased gambling in relation to the abolition of sports games due to COVID-19 were precisely calculated. 4% of people reported an overall increase in gambling during the pandemic. The proportion of people reporting an increase was significantly higher for online casinos (0, 62), online horses (0, 76), and online lotteries (0, 73) and lower for sports betting (0, 11) compared to those reporting a decrease. Overall, increased gambling was independently associated with increased gambling problems and alcohol consumption. Subgroups in which an increase in certain types of gambling was observed following the abolition of sports betting had a higher frequency of gambling problems. Conclusion The ongoing Covid-19 crisis has had a wide and deep impact on the lives of people around the world and, in addition to the physical toll of the pandemic, is thought to have a significant impact on people's mental health [1. 2]. Among the potential consequences of the pandemic and its impact on everyday life, hypotheses have been expressed about the possible amplification of addictive behaviors [3]; this may include, for example, the risk of increasing the number of problematic online games [4].

1. Introduction

Based on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic described above, there is a possibility that gambling behavior may change as a result of pandemic [5]. Gambling is known as a potential habitual behavior, and gambling disorders are positioned as similar to alcohol and drug usage disorders in the progressive psychiatric diagnostic system [6]. According to whether or not the diagnostic significance is, the problem gambling has suffered 1 to 5 % of the world's population. [7] But there is no doubt that the current situation is abnormal. The larg e-scale financial recession that has occurred in the past has already affected gambling behavior. It was pointed out that gambling began during the financial recession after the serious financial recession in Greek, which began in 2008, and there is a risk that gambling addiction will develop further. [8] The result of the Iceland's financial recession, which began in 2008 bank collapse, suggests that the recession can increase the specific type of gambling behavior. However, it is possible to note that lottery gambling may increase in the era of financial difficulties [9, 10]. There is no clear evidence that the economic recession affected the level of gambling problem in the population [10]. Past results are still mixed. < SPAN> Based on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic described above, there is a possibility that gambling behavior may change as a result of pandemic [5]. Gambling is known as a potential habitual behavior, and gambling disorders are positioned as similar to alcohol and drug usage disorders in the progressive psychiatric diagnostic system [6]. According to whether or not the diagnostic significance is, the problem gambling has suffered 1 to 5 % of the world's population. [7] But there is no doubt that the current situation is abnormal. The larg e-scale financial recession that has occurred in the past has already affected gambling behavior. It was pointed out that gambling began during the financial recession after the serious financial recession in Greek, which began in 2008, and there is a risk that gambling addiction will develop further. [8] The result of the Iceland's financial recession, which began in 2008 bank collapse, suggests that the recession can increase the specific type of gambling behavior. However, it is possible to note that lottery gambling may increase in the era of financial difficulties [9, 10]. There is no clear evidence that the economic recession affected the level of gambling problem in the population [10]. Past results are still mixed. Based on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic described above, there is a possibility that gambling behavior may change as a result of pandemic [5]. Gambling is known as a potential habitual behavior, and gambling disorders are positioned as similar to alcohol and drug usage disorders in the progressive psychiatric diagnostic system [6]. According to whether or not the diagnostic significance is, the problem gambling has suffered 1 to 5 % of the world's population. [7] But there is no doubt that the current situation is abnormal. The larg e-scale financial recession that has occurred in the past has already affected gambling behavior. It was pointed out that gambling began during the financial recession after the serious financial recession in Greek, which began in 2008, and there is a risk that gambling addiction will develop further. [8] The result of the Iceland's financial recession, which began in 2008 bank collapse, suggests that the recession can increase the specific type of gambling behavior. However, it is possible to note that in the era of financial difficulties, lottery gambling may increase. [9, 10]. There is no clear evidence that the economic recession affected the level of gambling problem in the population [10]. Past results are still mixed.

The COVID-19 crisis is a few potential problems that theoretically affecting game behavior cannot foresee. In addition to the financial crisis and the uncertainty of the economy, the current crisis is likely to increase the time spent at home and increase the time spent on the Internet. Similarly, the gambling market has changed dramatically in just a few weeks, as major sporting events around the world were canceled or postponed later. The less gambling opportunities related to sports will theoretically reduce gambling sports and gamblers, or increase the involvement of other types of gambling that can be used or not. There is a possibility. The concern that sports gamblers may shift to potentially dangerous gambling are stated by politicians in this situation, especially online casinos [12] are potentially dangerous gambling opportunities. [13] General concerns regarding changes in gambling behavior in crisis include restrictions on gambling ads in Spain [14], restrictions on deposits in Belgium [15], completely prohibited in Latvia [16] I took various measures.

Considering the newness of the current situation, there is no structured data obtained from the whole nation, and it is necessary to deepen the understanding of how the game behavior changes in connection with the current pandemic. It is. In addition, the political decisions currently made by government governments are diverse, and it is necessary to accompany systematic survey data. For example, in market data, it has been reported that the varieties of horses have increased significantly in modern times [17], but how will this affect the actual gambling behavior of the entire population? It is also difficult to determine whether a specific su b-group has a greater impact than other groups. As a result, COVID-19 was very popular in Sweden, and a web survey was conducted on all residents. The purpose of this study is to find out how the sel f-reported behavior has changed for the entire gambling and certain kinds of gambling, the change in gambling, and the increase in time spent at home. It was to investigate the possibility of relation to lifestyle changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate how other kinds of gambling change, as gambling on sports has decreased dramatically.

Actual studies have a cros s-cracked web blast extracted from the web panel of a company that conducts advertising in Sweden. This study was examined for ethical research by Sweden's national institutions, reached a decision, and in effect, this plan was linked to official ethical encouragement (data that could be associated with specified individuals. He said that he had no ethical obligations for the provided plan (file number 2020-01856). < SPAN> In actual studies, a cros s-cracked web blast extracted from the web panel of a company that conducts advertising investigations in Sweden. This study was examined for ethical research by Sweden's national institutions, reached a decision, and in effect, this plan was linked to official ethical encouragement (data that could be associated with specified individuals. He said that he had no ethical obligations for the provided plan (file number 2020-01856). Actual studies have a cros s-cracked web blast extracted from the web panel of a company that conducts advertising in Sweden. This study was examined for ethical research by Sweden's national institutions, reached a decision, and in effect, this plan was linked to official ethical encouragement (data that could be associated with specified individuals. He said that he had no ethical obligations for the provided plan (file number 2020-01856).

2. Methods

In Sweden, the trend of COVID-19 is likely to affect gambling behavior, so reality research was conducted using population-based participating sample surveys. In the past 10 years, gambling is becoming more and more common among patients seeking medical care in Sweden, and the gambling is particularly spread online, and online casino gambling is considered to be a more common form of a problem gambling. [18] Gambling advertisements have increased significantly in recent years, and most of them are online casino gambling. In addition to gambling at online casinos, sports gambling is often seen in gambling advertisements [19], which is reported by patients seeking support, including men. According to the general population, about 60 % of them have gambling in the past year, and the most common gambling form among gambling dependents is lottery (75 %) and numeric games (50 %. ), Horse racing (38 %), sports betting (21 %). (21%), during this time, bingo (11%), casinos (5%), and poker (4%) are small in the total population. Of the gamblers, 48 ​​% are betting shops, 29 % are mobile phones, 19 % are computers, and 9 % are playing tablet devices. In particular, in gambling < SPAN> Sweden from mobile phones, real research was conducted using population-based participating sample surveys, as the epidemic of COVID-19 is likely to affect gambling behavior. In the past 10 years, gambling is becoming more and more common among patients seeking medical care in Sweden, and the gambling is particularly spread online, and online casino gambling is considered to be a more common form of a problem gambling. [18] Gambling advertisements have increased significantly in recent years, and most of them are online casino gambling. In addition to gambling at online casinos, sports gambling is often seen in gambling advertisements [19], which is reported by patients seeking support, including men. According to the general population, about 60 % of them have gambling in the past year, and the most common gambling form among gambling dependents is lottery (75 %), numeric games (50 %. ), Horse racing (38 %), sports betting (21 %). (21%), during this time, bingo (11%), casinos (5%), and poker (4%) are small in the total population. Of the gamblers, 48 ​​% are betting shops, 29 % are mobile phones, 19 % are computers, and 9 % are playing tablet devices. In particular, in Gamble Sweden from mobile phones, real research was conducted using population-based participating sample surveys, as the epidemic of COVID-19 is likely to affect gambling behavior. In the past 10 years, gambling is becoming more and more common among patients seeking medical care in Sweden, and the gambling is particularly spread online, and online casino gambling is considered to be a more common form of a problem gambling. [18] Gambling advertisements have increased significantly in recent years, and most of them are online casino gambling. In addition to gambling at online casinos, sports gambling is often seen in gambling advertisements [19], which is reported by patients seeking support, including men. According to the general population, about 60 % of them have gambling in the past year, and the most common gambling form among gambling dependents is lottery (75 %), numeric games (50 %. ), Horse racing (38 %), sports betting (21 %). (21%), during this time, bingo (11%), casinos (5%), and poker (4%) are small in the total population. Of the gamblers, 48 ​​% are betting shops, 29 % are mobile phones, 19 % are computers, and 9 % are playing tablet devices. In particular, gambling from mobile phones

2.1. Setting

This includes all licensed operators of gambling (so that anyone who decides to exclude themselves independently from the number of operators can do so from all operators through the national authority of one country).

The crisis caused by COVID-19 has led to major restrictions in societies around the world. Although not pursuing a very strict policy, Swedish authorities banned public meetings of more than 500 people at the beginning of the pandemic, and then changed this ban to a maximum of 50 people, making it almost impossible to conduct sporting events [22]. As in other countries, this has significantly changed the gambling market. As a sign of the same development, it was reported that the gambling market attracts international operators for surprisingly low training game gambling [23]. Fear of a possible negative impact on the gambling behavior of the population led to government efforts aimed at a potentially more restrictive policy [12] regarding the gambling market, following other political efforts at the international level [14, 15, 16].

2.2. Study Procedures

The members of the web panel recruited participants through a link containing information about the study, before obtaining 2, 000 complete responses, including an even distribution of women, men, and within the acceptable range of age groups. The study took place over a 10-day period, from April 24 to May 3, 2020. These profiles were sent immediately to Patient Information Broker (PIB, Landskron, Sweden) and I-Mind Consulting (Lund, Sweden), who were responsible for the technical organization of the study, so that the responses were not forwarded to the web panel. Neither the researchers, nor PIB and I-Mind Consulting, who collect the data, knew the personalities of the people who participated in the web panel.

2.3. Participants

The participants in this study were members of the UserNeeds web panel (UserSeeds. com, Copenhagen, Denmark), whose members usually receive various types of opinion surveys on a regular basis. The members of the web panel received a link to the survey and agreed to answer it voluntarily. A loan was provided for participation in the study using the in-house credit system, the cost of which was approximately 1, 50 euros. Similar types of survey participants in the same companies have already been carried out by research groups in several recent publications in this field of research [24, 25, 26].

All members were over 18 years old, and had the opportunity to find information about research and a questionnaire that gained intensive consent to their roles. This selective survey contained almost no information that could be identified straight or indirectly. More than that, although the respondents' Iconnik or geographical positions belonged to the researchers, the cod e-ized information of IPishNiki was used to identify the duplicate possibilities of the answer. In such a case, if the first answer was absolute, this data was cut in the selection survey and the overlapping was excluded. Ninth, whose duplication was confirmed on the system and the first answer was incomplete, was not considered any more as part of the survey, and was not incorporated into the following choices. < SPAN> All members were 18 years old or older, and had the opportunity to find information about research and a questionnaire that gained intensive consent to their roles. This selective survey contained almost no information that could be identified straight or indirectly. More than that, although the respondents' Iconnik or geographical positions belonged to the researchers, the cod e-ized information of IPishNiki was used to identify the duplicate possibilities of the answer. In such a case, if the first answer was absolute, this data was cut in the selection survey and the overlapping was excluded. Ninth, whose duplication was confirmed on the system and the first answer was incomplete, was not considered any more as part of the survey, and was not incorporated into the following choices. All members were over 18 years old, and had the opportunity to find information about research and a questionnaire that gained intensive consent to their roles. This selective survey contained almost no information that could be identified straight or indirectly. More than that, although the respondents' Iconnik or geographical positions belonged to the researchers, the cod e-ized information of IPishNiki was used to identify the duplicate possibilities of the answer. In such a case, if the first answer was absolute, this data was cut in the selection survey and the overlapping answer was excluded. Ninth, whose duplication was confirmed on the system and the first answer was incomplete, was not considered any more as part of the survey, and was not incorporated into the following choices.

2.4. Measures

The main social population statistical variables include gender, age (rough age group), monthly income, living conditions, and family structure (Table 1). According to the analysis shown below, the family of the class is regarded as a shor t-term and unemployed person who does not include an invariant vocational status, or finding a job or a shor t-term unemployed person (the latter is added and formulated. As such, these shor t-ter m-as a configuration, the labor market was divided into a category that describes the call market during the decrease in COVI D-19). DYCHOTOMIC has specific respondents (online casinos, terrestrial casinos, horses online horses, online sports, terrestrial stations, terrestrial station sports betting, online poker, terrestrial electric slot machine and online). Data of whether or not you did the questionnaire on the gambling platform. This is a question slip that starts with a questionnaire that starts with the pandemic of COVID-19 regarding the composition of the behavior of individual behavior, for example, the composition of work activities, the composition of daily work, and the short formula of the connected story. It was revealed ("These configurations later, after the person who started in Sweden"; how did he spend at this stage/ fewer

Again, gambling questions show whether the respondents have eliminated the gambling using the national sel f-exclusion system ("Game Break", "Yes,", "I don't want to say"). I'm asking.

One of the specific questions was to ask if the responder's gambling habits had changed as a result of many sporting events in the recession. "I've been betting on other kinds of sports games more than before," "I started playing with horses," "I started playing online casinos," "I started playing in other games." "Generally, I don't play much" or "I don't have any effect-I don't do sports."

2.5. Statistical Methods

In addition to the above questions, the degree of the possibility of gambling addiction is measured using the 9-item problem gambling index (PGSI [27]), and one of the descriptions is related to the past 12 months. The variations of the answer were "no at all", "sometimes", "almost always", and "almost always". For mental distress, the total score (0 to 4 points for each item) is categorized as the Kessler-6 (K-6) scale (Furukawa et al.) 5 or more points are classified as mild mental health problems. At least one of the six items of ~ 6 is missing ("I can't answer / I don't like speaking") In 54 cases, 24 of them achieved ratings 5 ​​based on available answers. Regardless of whether you are doing it, or the significance of the assumption of the first missing answer, it is actually a conclusion that the total score of the five answers is 0 and the absolute score is less than 5 points. The remaining 30 cases that could not be entered were excluded from this calculation for moderate psychological problems. In questions, the respondents are asking if they have excluded gambling using the national sel f-exclusion system ("Game Break", "Yes,", "I don't want to say").

3. Results

One of the specific questions was to ask if the responder's gambling habits had changed as a result of many sporting events in the recession. "I've been betting on other kinds of sports games more than before," "I started playing with horses," "I started playing online casinos," "I started playing in other games." "Generally, I don't play much" or "I don't have any effect-I don't do sports."

3.1. Behavior Change during COVID-19

In addition to the above questions, the degree of the possibility of gambling addiction is measured using the 9-item problem gambling index (PGSI [27]), and one of the descriptions is related to the past 12 months. The variations of the answer were "no at all", "sometimes", "almost always", and "almost always". For mental distress, the total score (0 to 4 points for each item) is categorized as the Kessler-6 (K-6) scale (Furukawa et al.) 5 or more points are classified as mild mental health problems. At least one of the six items of ~ 6 is missing ("I can't answer / I don't like speaking") In 54 cases, 24 of them achieved ratings 5 ​​based on available answers. Regardless of whether you are doing it or the significance of the assumption of the first missing answer, it is actually 0 of the five answers, and the absolute score is 5 or less. The remaining 30 cases that could not be entered from the top and bottom were excluded from this calculation for moderate psychological problems. The respondents are asking if they have eliminated gambling using the national sel f-exclusion system ("Game Break", "Yes", "No,", "I don't want to say").

3.2. Overall Changes in Gambling Patterns during COVID-19

One of the specific questions was to ask if the responder's gambling habits had changed as a result of many sporting events in the recession. "I've been betting on other kinds of sports games more than before," "I started playing with horses," "I started playing online casinos," "I started playing in other games." "Generally, I don't play much" or "I don't have any effect-I don't do sports."

In addition to the above questions, the degree of the possibility of gambling addiction is measured using the 9-item problem gambling index (PGSI [27]), and one of the descriptions is related to the past 12 months. The variations of the answer were "no at all", "sometimes", "almost always", and "almost always". For mental distress, the total score (0 to 4 points for each item) is categorized as the Kessler-6 (K-6) scale (Furukawa et al.) 5 or more points are classified as mild mental health problems. At least one of the six items of ~ 6 is missing ("I can't answer / I don't like speaking") In 54 cases, 24 of them achieved ratings 5 ​​based on available answers. Regardless of whether you are doing it, or the significance of the assumption of the first missing answer, it is actually a conclusion that the total score of the five answers is 0 and the absolute score is less than 5 points. The remaining 30 cases that could not be entered were excluded from this calculation.

3.3. Correlates of Increased Gambling—Gambling Overall

Considering possible changes during COVID-19, an analysis was conducted on whether respondents had increased their gambling (separate from all other options) for each general question about gambling and for each specific gambling type. The general question about increased gambling was analyzed considering several potential risk factors (see Table 2), and items significantly associated with increased gambling in this by-view analysis according to the high-quarter criteria were further included in a logistic regression. Because of the risks associated with multiple analyses, 10 items were controlled for potential associations, so the significance level for inclusion in the logistic regression was set at P = 0, 005 (considering Bonferroni change, 0, 05/10). To measure increased gambling in each gambling type, logistic regressions including questions about men over women, as well as direct comparisons between gambling types, were conducted for the following: field (prefer women/prefer not to talk), age group, whether the respondent spent more time at home, and severity of problem gambling (no risk, low risk, medium risk, problem gaming). In response to the question about what changes have been made to gambling,< 0.001), younger age ( p < 0.001), more time at home ( p = 0.01), higher alcohol consumption ( p < 0.001), psychological distress ( p < 0.001), and a history of self-exclusion ( p < 0.001), whereas it was unrelated to living alone without children ( p = 0.90), monthly income ( p = 0.64), gender ( p = 0.87), and occupation ( p = 0.12). When entering all variables with a p < 0.005 into a logistic regression, increased gambling remained associated with higher problem gambling severity, and with increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic. The same list of independent associations was seen when analyzing the full sample (Table 3).

3.4. Correlates of Increased Gambling—Separate Gambling Types

The characteristics of the surveyed sample are shown in Table 1. On the composite difficulty scale, 84% of the respondents classified themselves as not prone to gambling, 7% (n = 145) as low risk, 4% (n = 76) as medium risk, and 5% (n = 98) as problem gambling. That is, on the co-problems scale, 9% (n = 174) were low risk or problem gamblers. The median composite PGSI score of the sample was 0 (interquartile range 0-0, 90th percentile 1, spectrum 0-27). 3% (n = 70) had removed their self-employed gambling from the government's Spellpaus self-exclusion system, 95% had not, and 2% did not want to answer the question (data were not available for this variable in one case). 45% of respondents (n = 912) said they spent a lot more time at home during the COVID-19 crisis, 34% (n = 679) said they spent a little more, 20% (n = 407) said it was no different, and 1% (n = 18) said it was the least. 8% (n = 161) said they drank more alcohol during COVID-19, 65% (n = 1312) said it was no different, 10% (n = 210) said they drank less, and 17% (n = 333) said they did not drink alcohol then or before the crisis. 4% (n=74) said they “performed more” during the COVID-19 downturn, 51% (n=1027) said they “performed no differently”, 7% (n=145) said they “performed less”, and 38% (n=770) said they “did not gamble then or before the downturn”. For 9% (n=185), the monthly gambling loss category for the last 30 days was higher than the category that would apply to the normal 30-day question. For gambling in general, the proportion of people who answered “increased” was 0. 51 compared to the proportion who answered “decreased”. Meanwhile, for alcohol use, it was 0. 77.< 0.001) and younger age ( p = 0.05, significant, rounded off to 0.05). Increased online sports gambling was associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001). Increased land-based sports gambling was associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001) and younger age ( p < 0.01). Increased online horse betting was associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001) and older age ( p = 0.01). Increased land-based horse betting was associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001). Increased online lotteries were associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001), and increased land-based lotteries were associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001), female gender ( p = 0.02) and with spending more time at home ( p = 0.02). Increased machine gambling was associated with gambling severity ( p < 0.001, in the latter analysis, spending time at home could not be included, due to zero individuals in one of the groups).

3.5. Changes in Gambling Patterns in Response to Decreased Sports Betting

Of those who reported whether they gambled (n=1246, i. e. excluding those who reported they did not gamble at all then or before the crisis), 59% of the sample were male and 77% reported “yes”. Most people in the home played low-risk games of chance (6%) and problem games (7%), with a total difficulty of 13%. In this subgroup, 74 people reported excessive gambling, making up 6%.

In the subgroup of all people except those who reported gambling that was not accessible in real time or earlier (n = 1246), a higher number of gambling problems was significantly associated with a higher severity of gambling problems in univariate chi-squared analyses (p< 0.001, 71 percent were problem gamblers and a total of 82 percent were moderate-risk or problem gamblers), and younger age ( p < 0.001), but not with increased time at home ( p = 0.12). Increasing horse betting was associated with male gender ( p = 0.03), gambling severity level ( p < 0.001, 31 percent were problem gamblers and 49 percent were either moderate-risk or problem gamblers), and with time at home ( p = 0.03), but not with age ( p = 0.10). Gambling more in online casinos was associated with male gender ( p = 0.01), gambling problem severity ( p < 0.001, 64 percent problem gamblers and a total of 89 percent were moderate-risk or problem gamblers), and younger age ( p < 0.001), but not with time at home ( p = 0.70). Gambling more on other games was associated with male gender ( p < 0.001), problem gambling severity ( p < 0.001, 43 percent problem gamblers and a total of 52 percent were moderate-risk or problem gamblers), and younger age ( p < 0.001), but not with spending more time at home ( p = 0.24).

Table 4 shows the proportion of those who reported the increase in gambling (among those who do not exclude that kind of gambling) for each type of gambling, and those who reported the increase. Is shown. Each gambling type was analyzed as a potential dangerous factor in logistic regression, along with the severity of spending time, gender, age, and gambling. The increase in online casino gambling was related to the severity of gambling (P)< 0.001), higher gambling problem severity ( p = 0.03, seven percent were problem gamblers and a total of 15 percent were either moderate-risk or problem gamblers), and younger age ( p = 0.01); this was also marginally associated with more time at home ( p = 0.06). Those that reported not being sports bettors were more likely to be women ( p < 0.001), to have a lower degree of problem severity ( p < 0.001, two percent problem gamblers and a total of four percent were moderate-risk or problem gamblers), a higher age ( p < 0.001) and were more likely to not spend more time at home ( p < 0.001).

6 % (N = 28) reported that 2 % (n = 28) play more than other sports games in response to the decrease in the sports betting market in the personal su b-sample (n = 1. 246) that reported the gambling. n = 78) -4 % (n = 44) -5 % (n = 65) in online casinos in horse betting, 19 % (n = 232) in other games, 69 % (n = 857 (n = 857) ) He reported that he did not play sports and was not affected by the decrease.< 0.001), more horse betting was associated with problem gambling severity ( p < 0.001) and older age ( p = 0.01), gambling more in online casinos was associated with problem gambling severity ( p < 0.001), gambling more on other games was associated with problem gambling severity ( p < 0.001) and with male gender ( p = 0.01), and gambling less was associated with male gender ( p < 0.001) and younger age ( p = 0.03 and unrelated to problem gambling), and a report of no sports gambling of any sort was associated with lower gambling severity ( p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), older age (p < 0.05), and with not spending more time at home ( p < 0.01).

4. Discussion

According to no n-adjustment analysis, the number of gambling in other sports was significantly related to masculine (p = 0, 03) and the severity of gambling (p = 0, 03).

4.1. Gambling Severity among Those Reporting an Increase

Supporting the answer that sports gambling is generally not gambling is associated with male gender (p)

In logistic regression, which contains the same four potential dangerous factors, the more gambling addiction, the more common betting on other sports (Table 4 is, the more specific gambling type, (4) The percentage of those who have not excluded that kind of gambling) and the type of gambling that reports the increase and the decrease is logistic. In regression analysis, as a potential dangerous factor, the increase in gambling, gender, age, and increased gambling, was associated with the severity of gambling (P).

6 % (N = 28) reported that 2 % (n = 28) play more than other sports games in response to the decrease in the sports betting market in the personal su b-sample (n = 1. 246) that reported the gambling. n = 78) -4 % (n = 44) -5 % (n = 65) in online casinos in horse betting, 19 % (n = 232) in other games, 69 % (n = 857 (n = 857) ) He reported that he did not play sports and was not affected by the decrease.

According to no n-adjustment analysis, the number of gambling in other sports was significantly related to masculine (p = 0, 03) and the severity of gambling (p = 0, 03).

4.2. Role of Online Gambling in Potential Behavior Change

Supporting the answer that sports gambling is generally not gambling is associated with male gender (p)

In logistics regression, including the same four potential dangerous factors, the more common betting to other sports, the more the severity of gambling addiction (Table 4 is a specific gambling type (that kind of that kind). The percentage of people who have not excluded gambling) and the type of gambling that reports the increase and the decrease is in logistic regression analysis. As a potential danger factor, the increase in gambling, gambling, and gambling, was associated with the severity of gambling (P).

4.3. Gender Aspects on Changed Gambling Habits

6 % (N = 28) reported that 2 % (n = 28) play more than other sports games in response to the decrease in the sports betting market in the personal su b-sample (n = 1. 246) that reported the gambling. n = 78) -4 % (n = 44) -5 % (n = 65) in online casinos in horse betting, 19 % (n = 232) in other games, 69 % (n = 857 (n = 857) ) He reported that he did not play sports and was not affected by the decrease.

4.4. Alcohol Use, Psychological Distress, and Time at Home

According to no n-adjustment analysis, the number of gambling in other sports was significantly related to masculine (p = 0, 03) and the severity of gambling (p = 0, 03).

Supporting the answer that sports gambling is generally not gambling is associated with male gender (p)

Logistic regression, including the same four potential dangerous factors, is related to the severity of gambling addiction (p) (p).

5. Strengths and Limitations

In other words, the gambling habits have changed in response to this COVID-19 epidemic, and how it has changed. This web survey for the general population could not describe the causal relationship, but some important knowledge was obtained. The majority of respondents reported that gambling behavior had not changed, and the percentage of respondents who reported that it had increased was smaller than the percentage of respondents who reported that it had decreased, but a considerable number of respondents is a small number of gambling. Reported an increase, and a consistent findings were obtained. The findings are that both the general gambling and the gambling of a specific form have significantly many gambling problems. In addition, gambling increased tend to drink during pandemics, even if many other potential dangerous factors were controlled. Another important discovery is that the minority of the minority, which responded to the rapid decrease in sporting events, has increased the number of gambling activities very high. As an overall impression, pandemic does not change in the whole group, but gambling increases in highly vulnerable subgroups may be a realistic issue and need to intervene.

According to the survey, the COVID-19 crisis was a minority who pointed out an increase in game behavior. In the scope of this study, it is not possible to conclude whether the change in game behavior (increase or decrease) corresponds to the natural fluctuations that occur regularly in the general group. The important thing, however, is that the group that reported the increase in game behavior was different from other respondents. Therefore, in various analysis and measurements in this study, the increase in game behavior was related to the severity of the game problem, independently and independently. More than half of those who reported the increase in game behavior were moderate or problem gamblers, and a surprisingly large proportion of 28 % of the group was reported. < SPAN> In other words, this is how the gambling habits have changed and how they changed. This web survey for the general population could not describe the causal relationship, but some important knowledge was obtained. The majority of respondents reported that gambling behavior had not changed, and the percentage of respondents who reported that it had increased was smaller than the percentage of respondents who reported that it had decreased, but a considerable number of respondents is a small number of gambling. Reported an increase, and a consistent findings were obtained. The findings are that both the general gambling and the gambling of a specific form have significantly many gambling problems. In addition, gambling increased tend to drink during pandemics, even if many other potential dangerous factors were controlled. Another important discovery is that the minority of the minority, which responded to the rapid decrease in sporting events, has increased the number of gambling activities very high. As an overall impression, pandemic does not change in the whole group, but gambling increases in highly vulnerable subgroups may be a realistic issue and need to intervene.

6. Conclusions

According to the survey, the COVID-19 crisis was a minority who pointed out an increase in game behavior. In the scope of this study, it is not possible to conclude whether the change in game behavior (increase or decrease) corresponds to the natural fluctuations that occur regularly in the general group. The important thing, however, is that the group that reported the increase in game behavior was different from other respondents. Therefore, in various analysis and measurements in this study, the increase in game behavior was related to the severity of the game problem, independently and independently. More than half of those who reported the increase in game behavior were moderate or problem gamblers, and a surprisingly large proportion of 28 % of the group was reported. In other words, the gambling habits have changed in response to this COVID-19 epidemic, and how it has changed. This web survey for the general population could not describe the causal relationship, but some important knowledge was obtained. The majority of respondents reported that gambling behavior had not changed, and the percentage of respondents who reported that it had increased was smaller than the percentage of respondents who reported that it had decreased, but a considerable number of respondents is a small number of gambling. Reported an increase, and a consistent findings were obtained. The findings are that both the general gambling and the gambling of a specific form have significantly many gambling problems. In addition, gambling increased tend to drink during pandemics, even if many other potential dangerous factors were controlled. Another important discovery is that the minority of the minority, which responded to the rapid decrease in sporting events, has increased the number of gambling activities very high. As an overall impression, pandemic does not change in the whole group, but gambling increases in highly vulnerable subgroups may be a realistic issue and need to intervene.

Funding

According to the survey, the COVID-19 crisis was a minority who pointed out an increase in game behavior. In the scope of this study, it is not possible to conclude whether the change in game behavior (increase or decrease) corresponds to the natural fluctuations that occur regularly in the general group. The important thing, however, is that the group that reported the increase in game behavior was different from other respondents. Therefore, in various analysis and measurements in this study, the increase in game behavior was related to the severity of the game problem, independently and independently. More than half of those who reported the increase in game behavior were moderate or problem gamblers, and a surprisingly large proportion of 28 % of the group was reported.

Acknowledgments

The rapidly changing sports gambling market is related to the current story, and there is a good source of information for stakeholders in the gambling field. And here, the minority, who reported that it would switch to other gambling, accurately grasped that there was a problem with gambling. However, some sports gambling may still have space, even if there are strict regulations related to COVID-19. For example, the league games that you occasionally see in the media, the sudden bet on training and soccer lo w-sized games [14. 23]. Of the minorities that mentioned the increase in "Other sports betting", more than four out of five were determined by the categories of small risks and problematic players. Similarly, in the group that announced the transition to online casinos, nine out of ten were small risk play or problem players. In the group that reported the transition to a betting ticket, the ratio of gambling issues was small, but at least 50 % was a lo w-risk player. Thus, when the universe is almost completely postponed, anyone who still finds other gambling can conclude that there is a chance to become a group or W.

Conflicts of Interest

Once again, the migration from a sport rate to an online casino and a task with gambling approve the sublime potential of gambling at online casinos. According to a recent study in the above history, when the online casino entered the gambling structure last month, the gambling and tails became more visible. It is considered to be the main game platform supported for support. Probably one of the moments that promotes facts is television advertising [19], the highest consciousness of online casinos. It is possible to imagine that spending time at home during COVID-19 pandemic could have a greater effect on online gambling than other forms.

References

1. Depending on the type of gambling, the percentage of respondents who answered "increased" was higher than the respondents who answered "opposition." Except for the sudden cancellation of most sporting events around the world, online gambling platforms have a majority of respondents who have reported an increase in gambling overall, except for online sports betting, which is likely to decrease. It exceeded the majority of respondents. Despite these sel f-reported gambling at the time of pandemic, it may be more urgent for some platforms than other platforms. I have acknowledged to some extent. Online casinos, online lotteries, and betting tickets are considered to be other available gambling. In general, online gambling may be related to the increase in the risk of addictive behavior and harm [30, 31]. In addition, the literature explains the reasons for online gambling, not physical facilities, describes various reasons. < SPAN> The actual sum is that compared to the "typical" month, except that there is almost no desire to increase the deposit due to sel f-reported in the past month, the overall gambling expenditure and the whole group gambling. It may not indicate whether the involvement is increasing. Last but not least, this study is considered a new research, and despite the fact that the results should be interpreted carefully, this study is a sports gambler subset of online casinos, such as online casinos. Ready to make a concern that you may escape to other gambling platforms, and make sure that you are forced to replace your gambling with other gambling when your gambling pattern is postponed. There is a possibility of providing evidence.
2. Depending on the type of gambling, the percentage of respondents who answered "increased" was higher than the respondents who answered "opposition." Except for the sudden cancellation of most sporting events around the world, online gambling platforms have a majority of respondents who have reported an increase in gambling overall, except for online sports betting, which is likely to decrease. It exceeded the majority of respondents. Despite these sel f-reported gambling at the time of pandemic, it may be more urgent for some platforms than other platforms. I have acknowledged to some extent. Online casinos, online lotteries, and betting tickets are considered to be other available gambling. In general, online gambling may be related to the increase in the risk of addictive behavior and harm [30, 31]. In addition, the literature explains the reasons for online gambling, not physical facilities, describes various reasons.
3. In the actual study, there was no association between the self-reported increase in gambling and gender. Usually, in a communal population, men are in a position to develop gambling challenges more than women [33, 34], and so far, the male predominance is clearly reflected in medical practice [18, 31, 35]. However, with the times, according to the description, gambling is increasingly applied to women, and there may be every chance that the gender difference actually starts to decrease, for example [36, 37]. In a recent health survey, an increase in problem gambling was observed in female hosts [38]. Similarly, data carried out some time ago showed that in a subgroup of people who are heavily involved in Internet gambling, the correspondence between women and men may be the highest [13]. Given this, at a theoretical level, it can be imagined that a risky atmosphere increases the number of online games, leading to an increase in triki (women). At the same time, the influence of certain gender differences can also be imagined.
4. One of the more untrained results of this study is that the increase in sel f-introduction of alcohol at the time of pandemic is gambling as a whole, including controlling other highly possible correlation related to gambling expansion. It is associated with the increase in sel f-introduction. The fact that it is likely to be relevant between alcohol use and gambling brings important concerns about referendum. However, the question of whether alcohol combined with alcohol increases the risk of gambling is examined with a variety of results, and all the results obtained so far apply to the highest condition of the online gambling disease rate. isn't it. Alcohol intake increases the risk of simultaneous roles in gambling, which is not impressive between Land Casino Players [43], and in fact, the positive relevance between alcohol and gambling is a struggle in the su b-clear socks. It may not be possible, but it was stated between experienced US players, estimating that it was more trivial in patients related to alcohol intake [44]. A recent study of online sports gamblers implemented in Australia was associated with alcohol and drug use with the placement of more major rates. In this way, it is impossible to eliminate the relevance of the increase in the affection rate, based on the latter findings. < SPAN> In actual research, the group that reported excessive awakening had a higher characteristics of mental distress. However, this is not surprising, and no relevance is maintained if the use of alcohol and gambling severity are monitored. Ignoring this, this study further suggests that people who have increased gambling during the decrease suggest a vulnerable su b-group in the population. Certainly, the gambling is actually related to the issues of psychological Wellbeeing, and as shown earlier, the purpose of this relevance cannot be reflected only on cros s-disciplinary research. [42]
5. One of the more untrained results of this study is that the increase in sel f-introduction of alcohol at the time of pandemic is gambling as a whole, including controlling other highly possible correlation related to gambling expansion. It is associated with the increase in sel f-introduction. The fact that it is likely to be relevant between alcohol use and gambling brings important concerns about referendum. However, the question of whether alcohol combined with alcohol increases the risk of gambling is examined with a variety of results, and all the results obtained so far apply to the highest condition of the online gambling disease rate. isn't it. Alcohol intake increases the risk of simultaneous roles in gambling, which is not impressive between Land Casino Players [43], and in fact, the positive relevance between alcohol and gambling is a struggle in the su b-clear socks. It may not be possible, but it was stated between experienced US players, estimating that it was more trivial in patients related to alcohol intake [44]. A recent study of online sports gamblers implemented in Australia was associated with alcohol and drug use with the placement of more major rates. In this way, it is impossible to eliminate the relevance of the increase in the affection rate, based on the latter findings.
6. This study has advantages and weaknesses. First, as far as I know, this is the first study of the short-term changes in the gambling patterns in the COVID-19 crisis, so it is now the help of stakeholders and the basis of further research. It has already provided data on crisis. However, the clear limit of this survey is due to an anonymous web survey, which is unable to ask many questions or collect deeper data. Furthermore, such a cros s-rightic collection cannot establish a tim e-related relationship between different variables. The most important thing is whether the adoption of PGSI items is due to the current increase in COVID-19 related cases, or is it the current increase in gambling? Cannot judge. The existing gambling problem measured by PGSI predicted this reaction to pandemic. Similarly, this paper included data on the use of each type of gambling in the past year, but did not include logistic regression analysis. This is to reduce the number of correlation factors used, and it is unclear whether a gambling report represents a gambling pattern of a baseline or a new gambling pattern. < SPAN> This study has advantages and weaknesses. First, as far as I know, this is the first study of the short-term changes in the gambling patterns in the COVID-19 crisis, so it is now the help of stakeholders and the basis of further research. It has already provided data on crisis. However, the clear limit of this survey is due to an anonymous web survey, which is unable to ask many questions or collect deeper data. Furthermore, such a cros s-rightic collection cannot establish a tim e-related relationship between different variables. The most important thing is whether the adoption of PGSI items is due to the current increase in COVID-19 related cases, or is it the current increase in gambling? Cannot judge. The existing gambling problem measured by PGSI predicted this reaction to pandemic. Similarly, this paper included data on the use of each type of gambling in the past year, but did not include logistic regression analysis. This is to reduce the number of correlation factors used, and it is unclear whether a gambling report represents a gambling pattern of a baseline or a new gambling pattern. This study has advantages and weaknesses. First, as far as I know, this is the first study of the short-term changes in the gambling patterns in the COVID-19 crisis, so it is now the help of stakeholders and the basis of further research. It has already provided data on crisis. However, the clear limit of this survey is due to an anonymous web survey, which is unable to ask many questions or collect deeper data. Furthermore, such a cros s-rightic collection cannot establish a tim e-related relationship between different variables. The most important thing is whether the adoption of PGSI items is due to the current increase in COVID-19 related cases, or is it the current increase in gambling? Cannot judge. The existing gambling problem measured by PGSI predicted this reaction to pandemic. Similarly, this paper included data on the use of each type of gambling in the past year, but did not include logistic regression analysis. This is to reduce the number of correlation factors used, and it is unclear whether a gambling report represents a gambling pattern of a baseline or a new gambling pattern.
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Table 1. Selection-Features, all included (n = 2016).	Characteristics of the collection
floor	{space}
woman	992 (49)
male	1022 (51)
I prefer not to talk	2 (0)
age	{space}
18-24 years old
25-29 years old	172 (9)
30-39 years old	360 (18)
40-49 years old	403 (20)
50-64 years old	522 (26)
More than 65 years old	422 (21)
Living environment
There are partners and boys	527 (26)
There is a partner, no boys	743 (37)
No partner, with boys	99 (5)
No partner, with boys	550 (27)
Parental support	97 (5)
Occupation	Employment
Work	1191 (59)
Job seeker
Retired	465 (23)
Short-term unemployed	48 (2)
On sick leave	40 (2)
Research	145 (7)
Other	45 (2)
Monthly salary (SEK) 1	Salary
Less than 10, 000	160 (8)
10, 000-15, 000	204 (10)
15, 000-20, 000	187 (9)
20, 000-25, 000	228 (11)
25, 000-30, 000
30, 000-35, 000	300 (15)
35, 000-40, 000 000	235 (12)
40. 000-45. 000	131 (6)
45. 000-50. 000	92 (5)
$50, 000 or more	189 (9)
Have gambled in the past n years. Rumors	Online casinos
205 (10)	Land-based casinos
96 (5)	Online betting
374 (19)	Land-based betting
280 (14)
390 (19)	Sports betting, land-based
260 (13)	Online poker
101 (5)	Electronic gambling machines, land-based
105 (5)	Online bingo
174 (9)	Last month gambling fees (in SEK) 1
{Rumors} 0-49	Online poker
1293 (64)	50-100
165 (8)	100-200
280 (14)
390 (19)	400-600
260 (13)	600-1000
101 (5)	Electronic gambling machines, land-based
105 (5)	2000 above
174 (9)	Monthly gambling costs (Swedish krona) 1
{Rumors} 0-49	0-49
1293 (64)	50-100
165 (8)	100-200
211 (10)	167 (8)

95 (5)

600-1000

600-1000

1000-2000	26 (1)	2000	Kessler 6, Artelpoint 2	{raj}	{raj}
1 The local currency is the Swedish krona (SEK). 1 Swedish krona is equivalent to approximately 0. 11 euros. 2 For 54 individuals, one or some of the six items were missing (because for each of these items it was possible to select the option “somewhat disagree”), and as a result medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) were not calculated.	Table 2. Comparison of those who reported increased gambling with those who reported the same, decreased, or no access to gambling (all data, N=2016) and those who reported the same or decreased (excluding non-gambling, total N=1246). Comparisons were supported by chi-square analysis for categorical data and Mann-Whitney U tests for open-ended data.	Table 2. Comparison of those who reported increased gambling with those who reported unchanged, decreased, or no access to gambling (all data, N=2016) and those who reported unchanged or no access to gambling reported decreased gambling the same (excluding non-gambling, total N=1246). Comparisons were supported by chi-square analysis for categorical data and Mann-Whitney U tests for open-ended data.	Characteristics	Playing more than (n = 74)	No longer playing, absolute choice, n (%), (n = 1942)
{Playing}
No longer playing" (subsample excluding non-players) n (%), (n = 1172)	{Lovers}	P means play more and not play sublimely		43 (58)
0, 19	{Lovers}	0, 87		Gambling severity
{space}	No risk	17 (23)		1680 (87)
{space}	930 (79)	{space}		Low risk
17 (23)
120 (10)	Moderate risk	15 (20)		56 (5)
25 (34)	73 (4)	66 (6)		Age range (years)
{space}	18-24	14 (19)		123 (6)
{space}	73 (4)	{space}		25-29
13 (18)	159 (8)	87 (7)		30-39
16 (22)	159 (8)	196 (17)		40-49
13 (18)	390 (20)	267 (23)	50-64	9 (12)	513 (26)
346 (30)	65 years and older	465 (23)	413 (21)	211 (18)	Long time at home
66 (89)
Retired	895 (76)	0, 01	Non-regular employment (job search, short-term unemployment, illness)	160 (8)	0, 11
Short-term unemployed	65 years and older	{space}		Less than 10, 000
On sick leave	895 (76)	0. 79 1		{space}
Research	65 years and older	{space}		10. 000-15. 000
Other	194 (10)	99 (8)		15. 000-20. 000
Monthly salary (SEK) 1	159 (8)	106 (9)		20. 000-25. 000
Less than 10, 000	218 (11)	139 (12)		25. 000-30. 000
10, 000-15, 000	218 (11)	174 (15)		30. 000-35. 000
15, 000-20, 000	895 (76)	186 (16)		35. 000-40. 000
20, 000-25, 000	228 (12)	140 (12)		40. 000-45. 000
7 (9)	124 (6)	82 (7)	45. 000-50. 000	6 (8)	0.9
86 (4)	54 (5)	50, 000+		5 (7)
184 (9)	108 (9)	Living alone with no boys		20 (27)
530 (27)
30, 000-35, 000	Drinking heavily	22 (30)		139 (7)
35, 000-40, 000 000	Experience of self-exclusion from gambling	21 (28)		49 (3)
43 (4)	Gambling in the last year	{space}		Online casino
35 (47)	170 (9)	164 (14)		Land-based casino
12 (16)	84 (4)	72 (6)		Sports station Internet
39 (53)	351 (18)	338 (29)		Sports ground prices
205 (10)	108 (9)	217 (19)		Horse bidding Internet
36 (49)	338 (17)	316 (27)		Horse land prices	513 (26)
374 (19)	209 (18)	Online poker		21 (28)
80 (4)	73 (6)	11 (15)		81 (7)
Online bingo	143 (7)	130 (11)		Kessler 6 score

{space}

3 (1-8) 3

3 (1-8) 3

4 (1-8) 5	{space}	Kessler, mild psychological distress 4	{space}	57 (77)
818 (43)	509 (44)	{space}	1 High quadrate, linear is linear 2-rating is 1st absent 3-score is 53 absent 4 is 30 absent 5. estimate is 26 absent	Table 3. Logistic regression tests examining the correlation of notifications with increased communal gambling in all subjects with complete data on all included variables (n = 1986), and in the subgroup including respondents who claimed to have no access to gambling during but not before the Covid-19 decline (n = 1233). For binary, non-step-by-step regression tests, we concatenated all variables associated with increased gambling in the bivariate analysis.
Table 3. Logistic regression analyses examining correlates of reported increases in overall gambling in all individuals with complete data on all included variables (n = 1. 986) and in subgroups including respondents who reported not gambling during the previous COVID-19 crisis (n = 1233). Binary, non-stepwise regression analyses including all variables associated with increases in gambling in bivariate analyses.	Latent correlates.	All individuals (n = 1986). Odds ratios (ORs).	Odds ratios 95% confidence intervals.	Subsample excluding non-gamblers (N = 1233). ORs.
Odds ratio 95% confidence interval	Severity of problem	2, 66	Severity of problem	2. 15
1, 66-2, 80	Senior age group	1. 02	0, 84-1, 24	0, 97
13 (18)	Psychological distress	1, 55	0, 80-3, 03	1, 55
0, 80-3, 01	Self-exclusion	1, 57	0, 73-3, 37	1, 56

Increased time spent at home

Increased time spent at home

0, 74-3, 56	1, 75	0, 80-3, 84	Increased alcohol intake
30, 000-35, 000	295	1, 44-4, 99	2, 70
43 (4)	491	{Rudge}	413 (21)
35 (47)	546	Types of gambling	Long time at home
Percentage of people who said it increased n (%)	555	Percentage of increase/decrease	Online casinos
36 (12)	438	0, 62	Characteristics
27 (5)	741	0, 11	Sports betting by country
25 (5)	1412	0, 12	Online horse gambling
36 (49)	335	0, 76	Land horse gambling

0, 19

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Online lotteries

66 (9)

0, 73

Land lotteries

47 (3)

0, 20

Electronic land-based gaming machines